Chpt4,5,6

Question 1

Whiplike structure with axoneme identical to cilium-tail of the sperm

Answer 1

Flagella

Question 2

Process in which particles are driven through a selectively Permeable membrane by hydrostatic pressure (force exerted on a membrane by water)

Answer 2

Filtration

Question 3

The net movement of particles from area of high concentration to area of low concentration-due to constant, spontaneous motion

Answer 3

Simple diffusion

Question 4

Receives newly synthesized proteins from rough er, sorts them, cuts and slices some of them, adds carbohydrates to some, and packages the proteins into membrane-bound Golgi vesicles.

Answer 4

Golgi complex

Question 5

A small system of cisternae that synthesize carbohydrates and put the finishing touches on protein and glycoproteins synthesis

Answer 5

Golgi complex

Question 6

A collection of filaments and cylinders. Determines the shape of cell, lends structural support, organizes its contents, directs movement of cell as a whole.

Answer 6

Cytoskeleton

Question 7

Made of actin- form network on cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane called the terminal web(membrane skeleton)

Answer 7

Microfilm mento

Question 8

Thicker and stiffer than microfilaments-resist stresses placed on cell

Answer 8

Intermediate fibers

Question 9

Provides physical support for phospholipid layer-actin supports microvilli and produces cell movements

Answer 9

Microfilaments

Question 10

Protein cylinders- they radiate from centrosome and hold organelles in place, from bundles that maintain cell shape and rigidity, and act somewhat like railroad tracks

Answer 10

Microtubules

Question 11

Two kinds

1) stored cellular products-glycogen granules, pigments and fat droplets
2) foreign bodies- viruses, intracellular bacteria, and dust particles and other debris phagocytized by cell, never enclosed in a unit membrane
* not essential for cell survival

Answer 11

Inclusions

Question 12

The cells life cycle that extends from one division to the next

Answer 12

Cell cycle

Question 13

Interval between cell division and DNA replication-accumulates materials needed to replicate DNA

Answer 13

G 1 phase and is the first gap phase

Question 14

Duplicates centrioles and DNA replication occurs

Answer 14

S phase-synthesis phase

Question 15

Interval between DNA replication and cell division, finishes, centriole duplication, synthesizes enzymes that control cell division, repairs DNA replication errors

Answer 15

G2 phase-second gap phase

Question 16

Cell replicates its nucleus, pinches in two to form new daughter cells

Answer 16

M phase-mitotic phase

Question 17

Collection of g1,s and g2 phases

Answer 17

Interphase

Question 18

Cells that have left the cycle for a rest-muscle and nerve cells

Answer 18

G 0 (zero) phase

Question 19

Cell is the simplest structural and functional unit of life. Cells are alive. An organism’s structure and functions are due to the shape of its cells. All organisms composed of cells and cell products. Cells come only from pre-existing cells, not from no living matter. Cells of all species have many fundamental similarities in their chemical composition and metabolic mechanisms.

Answer 19

Modern cell theory

Question 20

Cell shapes

Answer 20

About 200 types of cells in the human body-some of these shapes are cell appearance in tissue sections, but not their 3 dimensional shape

Question 21

Thin and flat with nucleus creating bulge

Answer 21

Squamous

Question 22

Irregularly angular shapes with 4 or more sides

Answer 22

Polygonal

Question 23

Starlike shapes

Answer 23

Stellate

Question 24

Squarish and about as tall as they are wide

Answer 24

Cuboidal

Question 25

Taller than wide

Answer 25

Columnar

Question 26

Round to oval

Answer 26

Spheroid to ovoid

Question 27

Disc shaped

Answer 27

Discoid

Question 28

Thick in middle, tapered toward the ends

Answer 28

Fusiform

Question 29

Threadlike shape

Answer 29

Fibrous

Question 30

``` Human cell size-most from 10-15 micrometers in diameter. Egg cell (very large) 100 um diameter- barely visible to the naked eye. Nerve cell at 1 meter long- longest human cell, to slender to be sen with naked eye ```

Answer 30

Cell size

Question 31

Surrounds cell, made of proteins and lipids, composition and function can vary from one, region of the cell to another

Answer 31

Plasma cell membrane

Question 32

Light microscope reveals plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm. Resolution (ability to reveal detail) of electron microscopes reveals ultra structure-organelles, cytoskeleton, and cytosol (ICF).

Answer 32

General cell structure

Question 33

The fluid between the nucleus and surface membrane-crowded with fibers, tubules, passages, and compartments.

Answer 33

Cytoplasm

Question 34

It contains the Cytoskeleton, organelles, cytosol( intracellular fluid-ICF), extracellular fluid-ECF fluid outside of cell

Answer 34

Cytoplasm

Question 35

Controls passage of materials in and out of cell, defines cell boundaries, governs interactions with other cells, intracellular face-side that faces the cytoplasm, extracellular fluid- side that faces outward, oily film of lipids with diverse proteins embedded.

Answer 35

Plasma membrane

Question 36

98% of molecules in plasma membrane are

Answer 36

Lipids

Question 37

75% of membrane lipids are________. Amphipathic molecules arranged in a bilayer, hydrophilic phosphate heads-face the water on each side of the membrane, hydrophobic tails-directed toward the center, avoiding water. Drift laterally from place to place, movement keeps membrane fluid

Answer 37

Phospholipids

Question 38

20% of the membrane lipids, holds phospholipids still and can stiffen membrane

Answer 38

Cholesterol

Question 39

5% of the membrane lipids, phospholipids with short carbohydrate chains on extracellular face, contributes to glycocalyx-carbohydrate coating on the cells surface.

Answer 39

Glycolipids

Question 40

2% of the molecules in plasma membrane, 50% of its weight and are larger than lipids. Name the two broad classes of this

Answer 40

Membrane protein | Two classes are: integral proteins and/or transmembrane proteins, and peripheral proteins

Question 41

Pass through the membrane, hydrophilic regions in contact with cytoplasm and extracellular fluid, hydrophobic regions that pass back and forth through the lipid of the membrane, most are glycoproteins, can drift about freely in phospholipid film, some anchored to cytoskeleton.

Answer 41

Transmembrane proteins

Question 42

Usually tethered to the cytoskeleton, adhere to one face of the membrane

Answer 42

Peripheral proteins- typically anchored to a transmembrane protein as well as the cytoskeleton

Question 43

Functions of the membrane protein

Answer 43

Receptors, second-messenger systems, enzymes, ion channels, carriers, cell-identity markers, cell-adhesion molecules

Question 44

Surface proteins on plasma membrane, of target cell, bind with chemicals (hormones, neurotransmitters), usually specific for one substrate, important in second-messenger systems

Answer 44

Receptors

Question 45

Part 1 Chemical first messenger (epinephrine) binds to a surface receptor because it cannot pass through the plasma membrane, triggers changes within the cell that produces a second messenger in the cytoplasm, receptor activates G protein, an intracellular peripheral protein, get their energy from guanosine triphosphate(gtp)

Answer 45

First messenger sequence of Second-messenger systems

Question 46

Part 2 G protein relays signal to adenylate Cyclades which converts ATP to cAMP (2nd messenger), cAMP activates kinase in the cytosol, kinases add phosphate groups to other cellular enzymes( activates some enzymes, and inactivates others, triggering a wide variety of physiological changes in cells. Up to 60% of modern drugs work by altering activity of G proteins.

Answer 46

Second part of SecondMessenger systems

Question 47

Enzymes in plasma membranes carry out final stages of starch and protein digestion in small intestine, help produce second messengers cAMP, breakdown chemical messengers and hormones whose job is done(stops excessive stimulation)

Answer 47

Membrane enzymes

Question 48

Transmembrane proteins with pores that allow water and dissolved ions to pass through membrane, (some constantly open, some gated-channels that open and close in response to stimuli. Ligand (chemically)-regulated gates, voltage regulated gates, mechanically regulated gates(stretch and pressure), and plays an important role in the timing of nerve signals and muscle contraction

Answer 48

These are ion channels

Question 49

Transmembrane proteins bind to glucose, electrolytes, and other solutes, transfer them across membrane,some carriers called pumps consume ATP in the process

Answer 49

Membrane carrier or pump

Question 50

Glycoproteins contribute to the glycocalyx, carbohydrate surface coating, acts like cells identification tag, enables our body to identify which cells belong to it and which are foreign invaders are

Answer 50

Cell identity markers

Question 51

Adhere cells to each other and to extracellular material, cells do not grow or survive normally unless they are mechanically linked to the extracellular material

Answer 51

Cell adhesion molecules

Question 52

Wineglass shaped mucous secreting cells in simple columnar and pseudostratified epithelia

Answer 52

Goblet cells

Question 53

Single row of thin cells, permits rapid diffusion or transport of substances secretes serous fluid, alveoli, glomeruli, endothelium, and serosa

Answer 53

Simple squamous epithelium

Question 54

Single layer of square or round cells, absorption and secretion, mucous production and movement, liver, thyroid, mammary and salivary glands, bronchioles, and kidney tubules

Answer 54

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 55

Single row tall, narrow cells, oval nuclei in basal half of cell, brush border of microvilli, ciliates in some organs, may possess goblet cells, absorption and secretion, mucous secretion, lining of GI tract, kidney and uterine tubes.

Answer 55

Simple columnar epithelium

Question 56

Looks multilayered; some not reaching free surface, all touch basement membrane, nuclei at several layers, with cilia and goblet cells, secretes and propels mucous, respiratory tract and portions of male urethra

Answer 56

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 57

Usually a gelatinous to rubbery consistency resulting from three classes of large molecules

Answer 57

Ground substance

Question 58

Long polysaccharide, play important role of regulating water and electrolyte balance in the tissues

Answer 58

Glycosaminoglycan (GAG)

Question 59

Most abundant in (GAG), in blood vessels and bone, responsible for stiffness of cartilage

Answer 59

Chondroitin sulfate

Question 60

Gigantic molecule shaped like a test tube brush, forms thick colloids that holds tissues together

Answer 60

Proteoglycan

Question 61

Bind components of tissues together

Answer 61

Adhesive glycoproteins

Question 62

Viscous, slippery, lubricant in joints vitreous body of the eyeball

Answer 62

Hyaluronic acid

Question 63

Much gel like ground substance between cells, types are areolar and reticular

Answer 63

Loose connective tissue

Question 64

Package of enzymes bound by a single unit membrane-extremely variable in shape, functions, intracellular hydrolysis digestion of proteins, nucleic acids, complex carbohydrates, phospholipid, and other substances

Answer 64

Lysosomes

Question 65

Digest and dispose of worn out mitochondria and other organelles

Answer 65

Autophagy

Question 66

Cell suicide- some cells are meant to do a certain job and then destroy themselves

Answer 66

Autolysis

Question 67

Resemble lysosomes but contain different enzymes and are not produced by the Golgi complex. General function is to use molecular oxygen to oxidize organic molecules-these reactions produce hydrogen peroxide (H202), catalase breaks down excess peroxide to H20 and O2, neutralize free radicals, detoxify alcohol, other drugs, and a variety of blood borne toxins, breakdown fatty acids into acetyl groups for mitochondrial use in ATP synthesis, in all cells but abundant in liver and kidney

Answer 67

Peroxisomes

Question 68

Organelles specialized for synthesizing ATP, variety of shapes- spheroid, rod-shaped, kidney bean shaped, or threadlike. Surrounded by a double unit membrane- inner membrane has folds called cristae, spaces between cristae are called matrix. Matrix contains ribosomes, enzymes used for ATP synthesis, small circular DNA molecule-mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), powerhouses of the cell

Answer 68

Mitochondria

Question 69

A short cylindrical assembly of microtubules arranged in nine groups of three microtubules each. Two centrioles lie perpendicular to each other other within a small clear area of cytoplasm centrosome- play Rollin cell division (spindle formation), cilia and flagella formation, each basal body of a cilium or flagellum is a single centriole oriented perpendicular to plasma membrane

Answer 69

Centriole

Question 70

Cell division in all body cells except the eggs and sperm, functions of mitosis- development of the individual from one fertilized egg to some 40 trillion cells, growth of all tissues and organs after birth, replacement of cells that die, repair of damaged tissues-prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Answer 70

Mitosis

Question 71

They have enoug cytoplasm for two daughter cells, they have replicated their DNA, adequate supply of nutrients, are stimulated by growth factor, chemical signals secreted by blood platelets, kidney cells, and other sources, neighboring cells die, opening up space in a tissue to be occupied by new cells

Answer 71

Timing of cell division or when cells divide

Question 72

Snugly contact neighboring cells, when nutrients or growth factors are withdrawn, contact inhibition- the cessation of cell division in response to contact with other cells

Answer 72

Timing of cell division and/or when cells stop dividing

Question 73

Slow growth, contained in fibrous capsule, will not metastasize, usually easy to treat

Answer 73

Benign tumor

Question 74

Fast growing, metastasize by giving off cells that seed the growth of multiple tumors elsewhere

Answer 74

Malignant tumor

Question 75

Medical specialty that deals with both benign and malignant tumors

Answer 75

Oncology

Question 76

Ingrowth of blood vessels stimulated by energy hungry tomors

Answer 76

Tumors angiogenesis

Question 77

Originate in epithelial tissue

Answer 77

Carcinomas

Question 78

Originate in lymph nodes

Answer 78

Lymphomas

Question 79

Originate in pigment cells of epidermis( melanocytes)

Answer 79

Melanomas

Question 80

In blood forming tissues

Answer 80

Leukemias

Question 81

In bone, other connective tissues, or muscle

Answer 81

Sarcomas

Question 82

Environmental cancer causing agents

Answer 82

Carcinogen

Question 83

Radiation (Ultraviolet rays, X-rays), chemical( cigarette tar, food preservatives, industrial chemicals), viruses( hpv, hep c, and type 2 herpes simplex), 5-10% of cancers are hereditary, trigger gene mutations

Answer 83

Examples of carcinogens

Question 84

Causes cell division to accelerate out of control, excessive production of growth factors that stimulate mitosis, the production for excessive growth factor receptors

Answer 84

Oncogene

Question 85

Inhibit development of cancer, oppose action of oncogenes, codes for DNA repairing enzymes

Answer 85

Tumor suppressor genes