Christian Heritage Test 3 Flashcards by Libby Tidwell

1438; in France, the French king looks at the French church and tells them they can govern their temporalities and you don’t have to ask Rome

Pragmatic Sanction of the Bourges

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

church issues not dealing with spiritual things

temporalities

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a new style of learning in opposition to scholasticism; a renewal of interest in classical Greek and Latin literature, art, etc; Christians apply this style of learning to scripture and early Christian writers (the New Testament and Augustine, for example)

Humanism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

first person to publish a critical edition of the Greek NT in 1516; he looks at multiple manuscripts and finds the original reading in the differences to the best of his ability

Erasmus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

writes the Complutensian Polyglot and it is the first printed critical Greek translation and it has many languages in 1514; made people say Erasmus’s version used too new manuscripts

Ximenes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

created the printing press; led to books being cheaper and more people had access to it, which was a big part of the Humanist movement

Gutenberg

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

old theologian who believed the human condition was fallen and thus people can’t choose good, God is completely sovereign and completely controls everything and human’s can’t earn God’s favor

Augustine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

known as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation; a humanist; an Augustinian monk; wrote the 95 Theses

Martin Luther

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the assurance of salvation - he writes confessions like Augustine, but is ridden with guilt and wonders how humans can be sure they’ve done enough to merit salvation

Luther’s “problem”

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

thinks people can freely choose to do good and push them closer to God’s favor

Neo-Pelagians

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

justification by faith; humans can’t eat God’s favor and salvation is completely sovereign act and it is a gift to be received we just have to receive it in faith; faith isn’t a work

Luther’s “solution”

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

there is still a penalty for forgiven sins

penance

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a remission of the penalty of a forgiven sin cairned by various prescribed conditions or actions; started with Irish monasticism but was abused by the church

indulgence

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

allows the selling of indulgences to get out of penances to pay for the repairs

Pope Leo X

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

says “when a coin in the coffers rings, a soul in purgatory springs”

Johann Tetzel

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

full of disagreements and issues to discuss with the Catholic church and begins the Protestant Reformation

95 Theses

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

scripture and scripture alone should be the ultimate authority for Christian thought and practice

Sola Scriptura

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

7 Catholic Sacraments

baptism, eucharist, confirmation, reconciliation, anointing of the sick, marriage, holy orders

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Luther’s 3 Sacraments

baptism, eucharist, penance

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a long held Catholic tradition that Zwingli said wasn’t found in the Bible

purgatory

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Swiss, thinks a lot of the same things as Luther, just differently; struggled with whether material bread and wine can give something divine; known for strict scripturalism, suspicion of idolatry, preference for spirit over matter, discomfort with talk of the real presence of Christ in Eucharist

Huldrych Zwingli

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

take Zwingli to the nth degree; said infant baptism isn’t really in the Bible; in 1525 they rebaptize themselves a believer’s baptism

Anabaptists

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

said baptism should only happen after a person decides to follow God as a profession of faith, church is a voluntary organization and you can’t compel people to be a Christian - the church can’t force people, and they practice church discipline and excommunicate people that disagree; said the church should be totally separate from the world, they are pacifists

Schleitheim Confession of Faith (1527)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

established as a theocratic OT community in Munster in 1530 buy the anabaptists; reinstated OT principles of polygamy and kicking people out for minor disagreements

New Jerusalem

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

leader of New Jerusalem

Jan Matthys

reorganizes the anabaptists more moderately

Menno Simons

attempted, but failed, reconciliation between Luther and Zwingli, but resulted in 2 Protestant trajectories; happened because Germany an Switzerland needed to unify politically of military reasons

Colloquy at Marburg (1529)

fled France because of political pressure on religious dissenters to Geneva, Switzerland; believed in predestination and believes scripture is the sole source of the knowledge of God

John Calvin

God must initiate salvation through an act of grace and he chooses to save who he wants to save

divine sovereignty

God chooses who he wants to save and he chooses who he doesn't save

double predestination

a mirror of human sinfulness, restraint for evil, edification

3 uses of the law

total depravity, unconditional election, limited atonement, irresistible grace, perseverance of the saints

TULIP

married to Catherine, who was married to his brother Arthur, but she couldn't have a son, so he tried to divorce her; under him, things looked Catholic, but he has both Catholic and Protestants in offices

King Henry VIII

classifies England as an empire and gives Henry power over the church, breaking with Rome

Act of Restraint of Appeals (1533)

calls a meeting in 1536 to look into reform within the Catholic church

Pope Paul III

two key Catholic figures who said there needed to be reform to get rid of simony and the episcopacy needed to be restructured

Joseph Sadolelo and Gasparo Contarini

1541; called by Emperor Charles V to investigate possibilities for Protestant and Catholic reunification; had 3 Catholics and 3 Protestants; they compromised about letting priests marry, all people participating in Eucharist, leaned justification toward by faith alone, but they couldn't compromise on transubstantiation and mandatory confession, so no reunification

Colloquy at Ratisbon

founded by Ignatius Loyola; wanted to root out Protestantism, advocated for poverty and action, wanted Christianity to be about your personal actions, not church structure

Jesuits

a Spanish soldier who decided to dedicate his military activity toward the church

Ignatius Loyola

1545; a thoroughly Catholic council to clarify and define Catholic Christianity, such as ecclesiastical authority and scripture (66 books + apocrypha confirmed, rejects sola scriptura), rejects justification by faith and accepts faith formed by love, and defined clerical dress, service standards, and the Tridentine Mass; gave Catholicism new life

Council of Trent

an intent to root out Protestantism; involves questioning and torture to find Protestants - a forceful approach

Inquisition

said for the Catholics to overcome the Protestants, it takes personal piety and prayer

Teresa of Avila

said the best way to combat the Protestants was to not be deserving of their criticisms

Peter Canisius

used political power to root out Protestantism, won't give church/political offices to to Protestants, and wants people to evict Protestants

King Sigmund III of Poland

in the south, was controlled by Catholic Spain; in the north, was uncomfortable with the Spanish meddling in their affairs and couldn't decide if it was Spain or the church meddling

the Netherlands

becomes a Calvinist, so the Netherlands become Protestants vs Catholics instead of Spain vs Netherlands - a religious battle, not a political battle

William of Orange

start to come out of the woodwork when Catholic Henry II dies, creating conflict

Protestant Huguenots

Catholic family/supporters in France

Guise

Protestant family/supporters in France

Bourbons

a Protestant who becomes king of France after a lot of political/religious unrest; realizes that he needs church support though, so he converts to Catholicism, but is for religious tolerance

Henry of Navarre

gives religious freedom in France

Edict of Navarre

1618-1648; Spanish Catholics vs Swedish/French Protestants

30 Years War

Protestants throw 2 Catholics out of a window, starting the 30 Years War

Defenestration of Prague

1648; ends the 30 Years War, with both sides agreeing to disagree

Peace of Westphalia

was Protestant and/or had Protestant protectors, so he reforms the Church of England to be more Protestant

Edward VI

liturgy that looked Catholic but was Protestant theology; 1549 version got critiqued of how Catholic it seemed; the 1552 version was less formal, and removed images from the church and rejects priest celibacy

English Book of Common Prayer

wants to restore Catholicism; reinstates monasteries and papal authority; biggest hurdles: foreign marriage and persecutes Protestants, which leads to Protestants seeing Catholicism as foreign, but she made the Church of England more Catholic

Mary

brings England back to Protestantism, mostly

Elizabeth I

Protestant theology, Catholic looking liturgy, more flexible and openness on issues

Elizabethan Compromise

pretty Calvinistic Protestants, said Elizabethan Church looked too Catholic and wants the church to be purified; their resistance created issues between the various Protestant groups

Puritans

James I's son; favors the Elizabethan Compromise; defeated by parliament and Puritan allies controlled by Oliver Cromwell; he is executed

Charles I

becomes the leader of England, so there are largely Puritan ideals; he realizes there is too much support for Elizabethan Compromise and steps down

Oliver Cromwell

king after Cromwell steps down; restores bishops and prayer books, the Elizabethan Compromise, and essentially Anglicanism

Charles II

1494; Pope allots Spain the New World and Portugal Brazil, Africa, and Asia and charges them to spread Christianity

Treaty of Tordesilles

given almost the exclusive right to govern their (Spain and Portugal's kings) churches in their regions

padroado/patronato

Portuguese held; king is quickly converted, but because of how much the Christians change their society, there is resistance so he backs down; his son, Alfonso I, is a Christian and quells non-Christian competitors to become king and rules with Christian ideals and brings education and technology but Catholicism eventually fades away

Kongo

they are Coptic/monophysitic Christians who continue Jewish practices and are dealing with a lot of Islamic pressure, so the Portuguese send help so there is 60 years of relief; they also try to make them more Catholic and get rid of monophysitism; Susenyes the ruler is willing to give in to Catholicism but his people aren't on board

Ethiopia

explorer who found Goa as the base of Christianity; started converting the paravas

Vasco de Gama

a Jesuit who goes to India and spends a lot of time with the Paravas and learns the language; he administers the sacraments and teaches them and translates mainstream Christian texts into their language

Francis Xavier

Jesuit who wants to reach the upper level of the caste system; he says the caste system is ok; lives, eats, and dresses the same way and adapts himself to that lifestyle; he allows Christian worship to take place within each caste system separately, but some Christians don't like the inequality; makes good inroads with the Brahmin

Robert de'Nobili

Christianity initially explodes in Japan, but political issues turn the tide against Christianity - futile lords are revolting against the old imperial order, so he decides to to try to convert the futile lords and is successful

Francis Xavier

an early important convert but when he dies, his successor Hideyoshi flips back to old traditions (Shinto) and he put pressure on people below him to persecute Christians

Nobunaga

a Jesuit whose method for missions is to learn the language by reading Chinese classics, so learns culture and traditions and uses the Chinese language to explain God, changing the name/language used traditionally to discuss God; he also saw Confucianism as a social custom, not a religion, so thought people could practice Christianity and Confucianism, which people critiqued him for

Matteo Ricci

Spanish conquistador; inspired by "God, gold, and glory"; conquers the Aztecs

Hernando Cortez

chose to go to the New World to do missions instead of being a high church official in Europe

Peter of Ghent

sees the American natives as being mistreated and advocates for them; establishes doctrinas, which were regions where natives are moved and ministered to, separate from the Europeans

Bartoleme de las Casas

an event where the Virgin Mary appears as a native American to Juan Diego, showing there is a connection with Christianity in the New World; we still see this depiction today

Apparition of the Virgin of Guadalupe

leader of the Puritans; creates the Holy Commonwealth; believed that obedience leads to blessing

John Winthrop

creates Pennsylvania with the idea of tolerance and love for all people despite differences; founds Philadelphia; believed we all have an inner light, giving value to all people; endorses pacifism and religious toleration

John Winthrop and the Quakers

1) the extent of European involvement (does better with more involvement) 2) geographic size of the society (smaller does better) 3) nature of the existing religion (deep-rooted religions make conversion difficult)

3 Factors for the Success of Christian Missions

Christian Heritage Test 3 Flashcards

(80 cards)