Christine - CP - Flashcards
(505 cards)
1
Q
How does it work when a variable is changed by a percentage?
A
You treat the variable as 1 then add the fraction form of the percentage to that ex. 1+30/100 for 30% increase. Then this number is the amount you multiple this variable by. The other side if indirectly proportional then the other side is multipled by the invers. Find this decimal then find what percent is do 1- this number. X is the percentage
2
Q
Using the force of gravity formula: In an experiment the distance separating the balls is icreased by 25%. How does this affect the force betweenthe balls?
A
it decreases by 36%
3
Q
What are the equations for mechanics?
A
x= 1/2( v1+v2)t; v2-v2= at; x=v1t+1/2at^2; v2^2=v2^2+2ax; d=at
4
Q
What is avagadro’s number?
A
The number of atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12. 6.022 X10^23. One mole of any substance contains Avagadro’s number of unites
5
Q
What is the molar mass?
A
The mass of one mole of a substance
6
Q
When writing any molecular formula make sure you…
A
balance charges
7
Q
What is an ion?
A
an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.
8
Q
What is the square root of 2? What is the square root of 3?
A
square root of 2 is 1.4; square root of 3 is 1.7
9
Q
What is the area under the graph velocity verses time? What is the slope of the graph velocity verse time? What is the area under the graph of acceleration verus time? what is the slope of the graph displacement versus time?
A
1- displacement 2-acceleration 3-velocity 4-velocity
10
Q
What is the value of a number?What is the value of e?
A
value included the positve or negative sign ….2.17
11
Q
What is the definition of mass number? Avogadro’s number? Molecular wiegh? formula wieght? molar mass?
A
Mass Number–> number of protons and neutrons, Avogadro’s number–> number of units in one mole of any substance (defined as its molecular weight in grams), equal to 6.022140857 × 1023.; Molecular wieght/ formula wieght (ionic comounds) ( sum of the atomic wights of all the atoms in the molecule) molar mass,–> mass of one mole of a substance
12
Q
The mass of oxygen in 96 grams of sulfur dioxide is closest to:
A
The formula of sulfur dioxide is SO2. The forulmula wieght fo So2 is 64 g/ mole. This sample contains 1.5 moles of it. I fwe calcuate the percentage mss of oxygen, we can see that the oxygen’s mass contrbution is 50 % in S02. So regardless of the amount of SO2 percent, half of its mass is due to the presence of oxygen and the other half is due to the presence of sulfur. Here we have 96 of SO2. Now one half of 96 is 48g.
13
Q
Methathesis Reaction–> a reaction in which two ompounds exchange ions, typically with precipation of a insoluble product; Combustion reaction–> a hig htemperature exothemic redox reaction between a fuel and oxidant; CH4 plus oxygen gives CO2 and H2O; endothermic reaction–> used heat; decomposition reaction–. a single compound breaks down into two or more elments or new compounds
A
Methathesis Reaction–> a reaction in which two ompounds exchange ions, typically with precipation of a insoluble product; Combustion reaction–> a hig htemperature exothemic redox reaction between a fuel and oxidant; CH4 plus oxygen gives CO2 and H2O; endothermic reaction–> used heat; decomposition reaction–. a single compound breaks down into two or more elments or new compounds
14
Q
What is Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle? Hund’s Rule? Pauli Exclusion Principle? Aufbau principle?
A
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle –> we can not determine bth the momentum and the position of subatomic particles simultaneously because we are using other particles( electromagnetic particles - like photons) of comparatable energy to detect these subatomic particles, and by the time these other particles find the subatomic particles( say electrons) tey are also disturbing the pathway of thes particles. Aufbau–> occupy the lowest energy level first; hund’s rule–> all orbitals in a subshell will be filled with one electron first before it is doubly filled; Pauli exclusion–> no two electrons can have the same four quatum numbers
15
Q
What is the correct order of filling subshells?
A
3s, 3p, 4s, 3d and 4 p
16
Q
What is the formula for the maximum number of electrion that can occupy the principle energy level?
A
2n^2
17
Q
what is the weaker acid- HI or HF?
A
HF is weaker than HI. HI is the strongest out of HI, HCL,HBr,because it can give off protons more easilt than any of the other acids listed. It has les of a nuclear effective charge. Nuclear effective charge decreases as you go down and increases as you go across.
18
Q
what does is meanforce balance on an object imply?
A
This implies constand veolocity. The drag forc and force ogravity are blance.
19
Q
What is the first law of motion?
A
If the forces on an object are balanced, then the object moves with constant velocity( constant speed in a straight line). contversly, if an object has constant velocity, then the forces on it are balanced. Some ppl use the term interia to describe this property of matter
20
Q
What does uniform motion mean?
A
Uniform motion= no net force.
21
Q
What force gets a runner accelerating?
A
The ground pushes the tiger forward
22
Q
What does constant speed indicate?
A
Contant speed means balanced forces
23
Q
What force acts on a cr that accelerates is forward?
A
Th horizontal force of the road on the wheels , not the wheels on the road
24
Q
distance over time
A
distance over time
25
What is a coordinate covalent bond?
A coordinate covalent bond is formed when the two electrons that are shared in the formation of the ond are donated by one group or atom involved in the bond.
26
What is the difference between electronic geometry and molecular geometry?
The molecular geometry of a molecule is the directional oreintation of the bonded pairs around the central atom excluded the Unshared electron pairs! Electronic geometry occur shared and unsharred elctrons. it can be linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal or octahedral
27
What is the difference between electronic geometry and molecular geometry?
Electron Geometries DOES NOT distinguish between unsharred pairs or bonds. This does not mean that molecular geometries ignores the electron pairs, the difference is that molecular geometry distinguishes ("excludes" ) them. The electron geometries could be linear trignonal planar tetraherdral, trigonal bipyramidal( so six things) or octahedral. One electron Pair counts as One thing.
28
What is the dipole movement? Which atom is it directed towards?
Dipole is a pair of equal and oppositely charged or magnetized poles separated by a distance.It is directed towards the move electronegtive atom.
29
What is the neutralization reaction?
Add base and acid to generate H20. a pair of equal and oppositely charged or magnetized poles separated by a distance.
30
What is the definition of aliphatic, amphibasic, lyophilic, ampoteric substances?
Aliphatic--In organic chemistry, hydrocarbons (compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen) are divided into two classes: aromatic compounds and aliphatic compounds (/ˌælɪˈfætɪk/; G. aleiphar, fat, oil) also known as non-aromatic compounds.; ampibasic-- Lyophilic : Lyophilic colloids are liquid loving colloids (Lyo means solvent and philic means loving).
Lyophobic : Lyophobic colloids are liquid hating colloids (Lyo means solvent and phobic means hating).; amphoteric-n chemistry, an amphoteric compound is a molecule or ion that can react both as an acid as well as a base.
31
What is the limiting reagant?
The amount of one of the reactants avialble is less than the amount required to complete the reaction ; so find the number of moles than it is the less nmber of moles
32
What is an ideal gas? What is the ideal gas law?
An ideal gas is a theoretical gas composed of many randomly moving point particles whose only interactions are perfectly elastic collisions. Elastic collisions is an encounter between two bodies in which the total kinetic energy of the two bodies after the encounter is equal to their total kinetic energy before the encounter. Gases behave most ideally under conditions of high temperatre and low pressure. PV=nRT
33
What are the units of the universal gas constant? (R)
Latm/ Kmol
34
What is avagardo's principle?
According to avogadro's principle, at a fixed T and P, two ideal gases should occupy the same volume and thus have the same number of molecules present
35
What is the kinetic- molcular theory?
At a given temp, all gases have the same avg kinetic energy, at a given temperature, different gases have different average velocities, avg ke is proportional to the absolute temperature
36
What is the third law of motion?
The third law states that for every action (force) in nature there is an equal and opposite reaction. The earth's gravitational pull on the moon is the same of the Moon's on the Earth
37
What do you need for their to be wieght on an objct?
You need the force of a planet
38
What are the mechanics equations?
F=ma; y=1/2 (v+V)t; v=v+aT; y=VT+1/2aT^2; v^2=V2+2aY
39
The force diagram and velocity diagram for an object in the air are different
The force diagram and velocity diagram for an object in the air are different
40
What is the function of the brainstem?
The brainstem controls autonomic activited such as breathing and heart rate.
41
What is the critical temperature
The critical temperature is the temperature above which a gas can not change into a liquid. High right point of graph
42
The phase diagram given in the passage cannot be that of:
H20
43
What does it mean for there to be constant velocity?
This means no acceleration and therefore no net force
44
What happends to books in a car when the car turns right? What forces act on the books?
No force
45
What force provides the centripetal force on a car turning right?
friction force
46
what is static equilibrium
balanced at rest
47
Where does the Normal force go?
Normal force is always perpednicular to the surface. So the normal force in a cylinder shaped ride going in a cirls would be the centripetal force
48
What must U be less than if for an object to not move and be in static equilibrium
The force opposing the friction force must be less than the static force for it not to move
49
When cacluclating cross sectinal area for the drag force equation( an equation you do not need to memorize) what demensions do you use?
Use the demensions that will give you the cross section of the area that is pointing in the direction the object is moving in
50
What effects the density of something
Temperature and pressure
51
What is the relative ka and pKa of a strong acid? What is higher the first disassociation energy or the second
High Ka and low Pka; the first
52
An NaCL solution is most likely:
Neutral; NaCL is a slat of sodium hydroxide and hydrogen is a strong base and HCL is a strong acid. A salt solution of a strong acid and strong base is neutral
53
Whic hof the following species has the highest pka value?: a) H2PO4- B) H3PO4 c)HPO42- D) all the sepcies above have almost the same Ka values, since they all have the same type of phosphate anionic counterpart
HPO4^2- low Ka, high pka and high ph not strong acid
54
What is a bomb calorimeter?
It is a device used to determine the energy changes associated with reactions. It measures the heat absorbed or evolved at . aconstant volume. The changes are made a constant temp and volume.
55
What is entropy?
Increase in randomness
56
What does it mean when the free energy change is Zero
This means there is no net transfer of free energy ; this means the forward and the reverse reactions are equally favored
57
What is the free energy change of a pure crystalline substance
The free energy change od a pure cyrstalline substance at )K is zero
58
What is the equilibrium constant?
The equilibrium constant is the equilibrium molar concentration of the products raised to their corresponding coefficients, dived by the concentratio of the reactants raised to ther corresponding coefficients
59
What are the steps for finding the equilibrium constant( rate) from a given experiment?
Look at the two experiments where one concentration is kept constant, but where the concentration of one is doubled, what happens to the rate. If the rate doubles when that concentration of that reactant doubles the reaction order or the exponent is zero. If the concentration doubles and the rate is quadrupled the order is 2.
60
if pressure is altered in a reaction system, what happens to the direction of the reaction?
Look at the moles of gas, the reaction shifts to whatever side there are less moles of gas; if there are equal moles of gas then there will not be a change the reaction mode
61
What is entropy?
Measure of the randomenss in a system ; in general the gas hase has higher entropy than liquid; if there are less compounds or elements on one side of the reatin this side has the decrease entropy or less randomness
62
Do strong oxidizing agents have high or low reduction potentials? What happens to oxidizing agents?
Oxidizing agents get reduced. Oxidixing agents are reduced so they can collect electrons which means they have high reduction potentials
63
What is the EMF?
The electron motive force--> net electron potential of the source
64
Describe an electryolytic cell and a galvantic cell?
Electrolytic: nonspontaneous, cathode is negative; goes cathode to anode; Galvantic cell--> spontaneous cathode is negative, anode to cathode
65
What happens the neutron proton ratio as atomic number increases
the neutron poton ratio increases
66
What is cos/ sin=? what does the normal force on an incline plane equal to?
cos/sin=tan; normal force on an incline= mgsinteta
67
What is the force of friction formula on an incline and the force of gravity?
When the car is skidding up the hill the forces of gravity along the incline and the force of friction point in the same direction. Force of gravity= mg sino) and Force of friction is Umg cos0.
68
What is the order of bond stangth and bond length?
Triple bond: shortest and strongest; Single bond: longest and weakest
69
What is the structure of acetylene
One triple bond connecting two carbons
70
What is an ideal gas:
Ideal gas: a hypothetical gas whose molecules occupy neglible space and have no interactions and consequently obey the gas laws exactly; volume occupied by molecules is negigible compared to the volume occupied by the gas; small amounts of energy are NOT lost during collisions; gas molecules do not interact with each other except furin collisions and collisions between gas molecules are competely elastic
71
Gases found in the environment are most likely to exhibit properties similar to that of an ideal gas under conidtions of
high temperature and low pressure (298 K and 1 atm)
72
Which properties reflected in real gas does the van der Waals equation attemp to account for by modifying the ideal gas law?
volume and pressure; the ideal gas hs no volume and at low pressure and high temperature a gas is said to act like an ideal gas
73
What is the volume all ideal gases obtain?
22.4L
74
SHown below are four mercury barometers of the same hieght. which barometer shows the greates external pressure?
Given that the force acting on the fluid in the barometer is F=mg. We can derive it thus: m=density\cdot⋅dot volume, so F=density\cdot⋅dotvolume\cdot⋅dotg. Volume=area\cdot⋅dotheight, so F=density\cdot⋅dot area\cdot⋅dot height\cdot⋅dotg. We know that F/area = pressure, so we can say that the change in pressure = the change in height\cdot⋅dot density\cdot⋅dot g.
75
What is the formula for an alkane?
CnH2n+2
76
Define the following: steroisomers, anomers, diasteremers, and constitutional isomers
Constitutional isomer: Compounds with the same molecular formula and different connectivity; Steroisomer: same molecular formula and sequence of bonds but a different #D oreintation of there atoms : includes Diasteromers ( superimposable not mirror images, E-Z (double bonds) meso compounds( Superimposable mirror images; L and D) and enatiomers ( optical isomer; nonsuperimposable not mirror images)
77
What are the different alkane configurations in order from highest eneergy to lowest?
Fully eclipse( 0); gaunche(60)(staggered), eclipse(120). and anti staggered (180)
78
What increases the boiling point of a molecule or a compound?
More intermolecular forces: so the less branching the higher the boiling point; boiling point increases as the number of carbons increase, the type of intermolecualr forces ( ionic, hydrogen, dipole dipole and van der waals) and less branching increased bP
79
Define the following intermolecular forces: Ionic, hydrogen, dipole- dipole, and van der waal)
Ionic: Recall lattice energy and its relations to properties of solid interaction between charged molecules ; Hydrogen: H to F.. O...N Intermolecular dipole dipole : polar covalent with strong electronegative atoms; Vander walls
80
What are the three steps of a free radical chlorination of methane?
Initiation--> Dissociation of halogen into 2 ions; propagation--> halogen takes methane from chorine; Termination--> combustion of radicals
81
How do you figure out the number of stuctural isomers a compound has?
No formula you just draw; examples- Heptane and methylhexane are structural isomers
82
What do the following reactions do: Hydroboration-oxidation of alkenes, acid catalyzed hydration of alkene, and oxymercuration- demurcation of alkenes
possible ways of making alcohols
83
what does a grinyard reaction form
an alcohol, but also adds carbons
84
what happens if an aldehyde is oxidized?
It is converted to a carboxyllic acid
85
What type of a reaction is a baeyer villiger reaction?
oxidative cleavage of a carbon-carbon bond adjacent to a carbonyl, which converts ketones to esters and cyclic ketones to lactones.; it is an oxidation reaction
86
What is an aldol addition?
aldol is an abbreviation of aldehyde and alcohol. When the enolate of an aldehyde or a ketone reacts at the α-carbon with the carbonyl of another molecule under basic or acidic conditions to obtain β-hydroxy aldehyde or ketone, this reaction is c
87
What influences acidity?
The carbonyl group is of great influence to acifict. The carbonyl group increase the acidit of protons that are connected to the adjacent carbons. the closets protons influenced by the carbonyl group are indicated by the arrows and the one in the middle of two carbony lgroups will be most acidic
88
What is a ketal, acetal, hemiacetal?
an acetal derived from a ketone." Acetal: functional group with the following connectivity R2C(OR')2, where both R' groups are organic fragments. OR and OH attached is a hemi acetal; two OR is acetal; Two oH is ketal?
89
What is the product of a carboxyllic acid with methanol?
methyl "butanon"ate
90
Order the following from lowest to highest bp? alcohol keytones alkanes carboxyllic acis
lowest to highest boiling point: alkanes and keytones, alcohol and carboxyllic acids
91
What do subsitutients do to the acidity of a compound?
Subsitutents increase the acidity of a compound. specifically, electronegative ones such as halides
92
Which of the following are more acidic carboxyillic acid or alcohol?
carboxyllic acid is more acidic
93
What happens when you reduce a carboxyllic acid?
Make alcohol
94
What has more elcetrophilic carbonyl groups: carboxyli acids or keytones
keytones; hydroxyl group makes carboxyllic acids les elecrophilic
95
How does pka relate to aciditiy? What effect do electrphilic elements have on carboxylic groups
High pKA low acidity ; they have the inductive effect
96
The reaction of an ester with Grignard reagent ( excess) in the presence of aquesou acid resutls in:
a tertiary alcohol
97
Glygogen phosphorlase's enxymatic action is resricted to cleavage of what type of glycosidic bond?
Glycogen phosphorylase cleaves the alpha 1-4 glycosidic linakge between glucose residues in glycogen
98
Into cells of which of the following tissues is glucose transport insulin- sensitive?
muscle cells and fat cells are two cell types most strongly influenced by insulin to increase uptake of extracellular glucose; the lense of the eye, RBC and the brain lack glucose receptors
99
What is ketogenesis?
Ketogenesis is the process by which ketone bodies are produced in the mitocondria of liver cells as a result of fatty scid breakdoen in reponse to the unavaiability of blood glucose
100
What are products of mitocondrial beta oxidation of Fatty acids?
NADH and ATP, they inhibit gluconeogensis
101
How many carbons is fructose
six carbon sugar; not an epimer or anomer with glucose because it differs at more than one C
102
Define the following: Enantiomers, resoance strutures, anomers or mesomers
Enantiomer: each of a pair of molecules that are mirror images of each other
103
What angle do u measure from for snells law? What does a smaller index of refraction mean?
You measure from the normal angle; a smaller n meas a bigger angle and that the light travels faster through that material
104
Where do you draw the normal line?
perpendicular to the surface
105
when drawing light rays for the index of refraction make sure you draw the normal then temporarily extend the light ray to see which way to bend it; a larger n means you bend towards because you want a smaller incident angle
when drawing light rays for the index of refraction make sure you draw the normal then temporarily extend the light ray to see which way to bend it; a larger n means you bend towards because you want a smaller incident angle
106
What is the sin cos and tan of angle 0, 30, 45, 60, 90, 180,270 ,360
see separate sheet
107
What is 1/3 equal to in decimal form?
0.3333333
108
What causes attraction and what causes repulsion
Repulsion- two of the same charged near each other, and attraction- two of the opposite charges or one charge charge and one neutral
109
What is the isoelectric point? What is the shortcut for finding the pH or POH?
the isolelectric point is the point at which the average charge of an amino acid is equal to O. the shortcut from concentration to pH or POH is ( M-1). (10-N). M is the exponent and M is the coefficent
110
What is deceleration? What are the kinematic equations?
*** look at values if they are far apart it is okay to approximate; decelleration can be found with acceleration when something falls but it is definded as the decrease in velocity but it not necessarily the acceleration of gravity
111
What is the formula for rate of effusion?
Vnms= Sqaure root of (3RT/M)
112
What is different about the hybridization of transition metals and nonmetals?
The d orbital come before with transition metals; example: d^2sp3^3 for transition metals but it be Sp^3d^2 for nonmetals
113
What is the formula for finding the focal length of a thin lense ( thin lense equation)? What is the difference between real and virual images
1/f= 1/i +1/0
114
What is the formula for stereoisomers? And what is a meso compounds
2^N; n is the number of chiral centers; a meso compound is a sterocenter with superimposable mirror images
115
Do distereiomers and enatiomers have the same sphical and chemci al properties?
A pair of enantiormers have the same phycial and chamical propertice and a pair of diasteriomers have the same chemical properties but most of the time different phyical
116
Which of the following is not a strong base?
potassium hydroxide, calciu hydroxide, sodum carbonate ( all strong bases) and methyl acetate ( not a base)
117
Under what conditions do gases behave ideally?
- under low pressure ( 1atm+760 mmhg, 760 torr, 10^5 pa( N/m^2); ) under high temperatures: K=C +273
118
How do u tell the strenght of the hydrogen bond? What has the lowest bond dissociation enthalpy? ( break bond--Add heat endothermic)
Look at atom connected to the H in the h---O bond; if it has a high electronegativity like Flourine then it is causing more induction and therefore more positive charge on the H atom. It is therefore harder to break this bond so there is a higher dissociatition enthalphy// low bond dissociation enthalpy means weakest bond
119
What do u need to rememeber when asked to find the electronic confidguration of a transition metal with a charge?
Need to rememeber your take elections offf( if plus charge) from the highest energy level ( so 4s instread of 3d, even thought 4s goes on before 3d)
120
Which of the followng is the only steroselecive reagant listed: tert-butoxide, DMSO, Diethyl tartrate and proanol?does SN1 reactions or Sn2 provie a racemic mixture?
Diethyl tartrate is the only one that is steroselective; SNI ( unimolecular, this is a two step reaction and therefore inverted stereocenter occur; SN2 one step, bimolecular, and a reacemic misture occure)
121
What kind of regant if Aluminum hydride?
A reducing agent........ With reduction you can see a gain of electrons, decreased oxidation state, more CH bonds, lose C-) or C-N bonds)
122
What is byoles law, what is charles law, what is the ideal gas law
B" PV=PV; charles V/ T=V/T, and the ideal gas law is PV=nRT
123
How do you find partial pressure ( pressure of one gas in a miture) ? What is raoutl's law?
Mole fraction of that gas X Ptotal; P02=[mol O2)/tot mol)] X Ptot
124
What are the six classes of enzymes?
oxidoreductase, ligase, lyase, hydrolase, transferase, isomerases
125
What is the formula for half life? What does it give you exactly?
(1/2)^number of halfe lifes; this formula give you the fraction of material that is left after this number of half lifes- must multiple the orignal amount by this to get the number
126
When including mass in an equation what do the units have to be?
kg NOT g; 10^3 g are in 1 kg
127
What doe hydrolyis require?
add H2O molecule to split something up
128
What is the henderson hasselback formula? what is it used for?
ph=Pka + log( conjugate base/ acid); conjugate base looks like A- and acid is HA; henderson- hasselbalch equation describes how the ph changes is we start out with an equal concentration of HA and A- ( at which pH=Pka) and then adjust the relative concentration of H and A- ; used or questios about the relative ratios of an acid and its conugate base or viasa vesa
129
What does delocaived p orbitals do to acidity?
increases acidity due to the stabiliting effect. acidity is determined by the stability of the conjugate base
130
What are the changes that occure to Km and Vax with competive, noncompetive, and uncompetive inhibitors? What is common about all these three types of inhibition?
They are all reversible. With a comppetive inhibitor the V max stays the same and the km increases; noncompeitive the km stays the same and the V max decreases, and with uncompetive ( e-S ) the V m and Km decrease
131
What is the net hydolysis reaction of H20?
2H20--> O2 + 2H2
132
What is faraday's constant?
Faradays constant represents the amount of charge per mole or Avagard's number of electrons
133
Where does reduction occur and where does oxidation occur?I nan electroyltic cell is the cathode postive or negative? In a galvantic cell is the anode positive or negative?
AN OX; RED CAT; cathode is NEGative in and electrolytic cell and positive in a galvantic ;
134
What is the definition of effusion? what are the two formulas for rate of effusion? do heavier or lighter gases diffuse faster
effusition is an instance of giving of something such as a liquid, light or smell; the formulas are 1/ square root of the molecular wieght) and rate 1/rate 2= sqare root of ( M2 and M1) ; and square root ( 3RT/ M)heavier gas diffuses MORE slowly
135
What besides the number of electrons effects the atomic radius size?
The number of protons in their nuclei. protons are posiitvely charged and attract electrons, so that with the highest atomic numer ( he most protons) will be pulled closest to the nuclesu
136
What are the units of k for the first second and third order reactions? What is the rate of the reaction units
s^-1, Lmol^-1s^-1, and L^2mol^-2s^-1; rate of the reaction untis are M/L; M is for molart which is Moles per liter
137
What are the SI unites
Kelvin, seconds, candela, meter, kilogram, ampere and mole
138
what are scalar quanties and what are vector?
Vector quanties--> contain direction, scalar no direction; speed and distance are scalar
139
Does Mass impact time of flight?
No!
140
When an external force act on a system is momentum conserved?
no
141
What is Fnet of going up a ramp equal to?
F applied = F g+ Fs
142
What is the square root of 3
1/7
143
What is the formula for work
Fdcostheta
144
What is the formula for torque>
torque=Frsinteta
145
When moving in a circular pattern what do you have to consider when trying to figure out an obkect wieght
Bth the force of gravity and the centripital force
146
What is the formula for angular momentum? What is momentum
Angular momentum is represented by L L=rvmsinteta
147
What is mechanical energy ( KE plus PE; energy involved in movement)? What is a conservative force?
A conservative force is one in which the work done is totally independent of the path taken e. gravity, the resporting force created by a string; nonconservtive forces do not store energy, they are dissapative force examples are air resistance and friction, there eneregy is not longer avaiable for KE; with conservative forces mechanical energy is conserved
148
How else can Newtons be written
kjm/s^2
149
What is the work formula involving pressure
W=Pressure ( change in volume)
150
What is moment of inertia ?
a quantity expressing a bodies tendency to resist angular accelerationsum of the products of the mass of each particle in the body with the square of its distance from the axis of rotation. Lower moment of inertia means lower KE, more massa center of an object dereace inertia and ke
151
If two teams pull a rope with the same force in oppositie directions was it the tension?
What ever force the teams are pulling cause; tension is best thought of as the force exeted by the rope on each team,
152
Fnet is equalt to what when frictions involved
Force applied - force friction
153
What is the formula for power? What are two work formulas/
Power=IV; work=FDcosteta and work+powertime
154
What is the formula for resistance
Resitance=Resistivity L/A
155
What is the charge of a proton
1.6X 10^-16C/ion
156
What does the half life mean in terms of enery
it determines the rate of release of radiation; if a sample has a longer hald life this means that the release of raditation is spread out over a longer perod of time (energy/time0 so longer lasting then lower power
157
What happens at equilibrium
the rate or the products equal the rate of reactions ; the concentration of the reaction and products dont chang
158
What goes into the equilibrium constant ?
its the products over the reactants, with the coefficients as exponsents, the subschripts same the same; puresolids and pure liquids do not go in ; only aq and gases
159
When something gains heat is it exothemic or endothermis? is going from a gas to solid an exthemic or endothermic process
endothermic, and endothermic
160
What element is ALWAYS soluble in H20
alumminum
161
How do you determine is a solid percipitate will form?
if the iOn product is more that the Ksp it will form
162
What will increasing the temperature do to the Ksp
increasing the temp makes something more soluble so the Ksp is raised
163
What is the molar solubility of a substance?
the number of moles per liter that can be dissolved per liter of solution before the solution becomes saturated
164
What is NH2- acidic or basic? is the conjugate of a stong acid stong or weak
Basic it is the conjugate base of ammonia( nH3)... the conjugate base of a strong acid is weak
165
What is the product of the Ka and kb of a compound at 298K? what is 298 K in C?
10^-14 of the ksp of water; 25C
166
What is a lewis acid/base, bronsted lowry acid/base and arrenious base/ acid
Think lewis when you are dealing with the formation of a bond---the transfer of electrson; bronsted lowry is for protons. Electon DONATing is lewis base, and hydorgen acceptor; lewis acid accepts and electron pair and donated a hydrogen when thought of as a bronsted lowry
167
What are two factors that contribute most o tthe stability fo an anion
resonance and the presence of electron withdraing groups on the molecule . When an acid is comparitabily strong when it has a more stable conugate base which makes it better able to readily to lose a proton. And electrondonating group is destabilized. akyl groups are electron donating and NO2 and oH is electronwithdrawing, stabilizing and eactivating
168
What is the strongest acid
HCLO4; higher electronegativity will be more electron withdrawing so more aatraction of electrons and lewis acid accepts electrongs
169
What is not included in Kw
h20 in the rectants cause it is a pure liquid
170
What is the titration formula
VN=VN; normality=morlaity( number of equivalents)
171
What are buffers?
Buffers are usually weka acids wiht there conjugates they resist changed topH; pka should be close to ph
172
What is the log of 10
1
173
What is the overal E of an electrolytic ang that of a galvantic cells? Whih way to electrons flow Anaode to cathode
galvantic is postive and electrolytic is neg
174
What is Farday's constant?
Faradays constand tells us that approximately 10^5 coulombs are present per mole of electrons; 10^5 C/ mol e-; emember with stoichiometry you must balance charge and number of molecules
175
What are the three main definitiosn of acids and bases? What is a amphoteric ( amphiprotic) compound
Arrhenius - acid: excess H in solution; base- access oh in solution ; bronsted lowry- acid- donate H; base- accept H; Lewis - acid- donates electrons; base- accept electrons ; NH3 is a brnsted lowry base ( accepts H) but is not a arrhenious base; an amphoteris compound can act as either an acid orbase depending on the other reactants present. If there are multiple H in a sustance this is known as a polyprotic
176
Which way does the current flow in an electrolytic or galvanic cell?
In the opposite of the electrions from cathode to anode. When you are figuring out the magnetic field use the right hand rule. It either goes into or out of the page
177
Define Molarity; how do you define percent composition
Moles/ L; it is the concentration; percent compositionL the percent of total mass of compound that a particular element contributes
178
What is the limiting reagant?
the reagents that produces the least amount of product. Compare this in moles and do stoicheometry to fine the numebr of moles for each reagent cn produce
179
What is a formula unit
emperical formula of any ionic or covalent network solid compound
180
When you break a bond dot you lose or gain energy? What is a coordinate covalent bond?
You gain energy; only one compound contributes both electrons in a coordinate covalent bond
181
What are hydrophobic bonds? what are the three main types of IMF
hydrogen,, dipole dipole, dispersion ; hydrophobic interactions are the interactons between nonpolar molecuels ; londo dispersio ncan be refered to a hydrophobic
182
If a majority ov the molecuel is CH bt there is oH what is the molecule nonpolar or poplar
nonpolar
183
ower energy is more favorable
ower energy is more favorable
184
What does sterilization do? What reactions can many bacteria catalyze?
Kills bacteria; the hydolysis of ester linkage between a fatty acis and the triglycerides
185
What is velocity of a wave formula
v=frequency( wavelength)
186
What is the p value for significant data
less than .05
187
What type of waves are sound, water and visible light waves
Visible light and water are transverse and sound are longitutidinal
188
Waht is I0?
Io is the smalles detectable sound intensit which is ! X qo^-12W/m^2
189
What is an enantiomer?
Non superimospable mirror imags, that have IDentical physicaland chemical proerties so the only way to separate them is to use substances which interact differently with one enantimoer than with the other. Example chiral column chromatogrpahy
190
What are the processes that happen in the mitocondria
crticu acid cycle, beta oxidations of fatty acids and the oxidative phosphorylation ; in the mitocondrial matxis that is where the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation occur
191
Dimerization involves what type of bond and what of the four levels of proteins structure
quartnerary stucture and noncovlat bonds
192
What is the strategey for roman numeral questions? What do strong bases and strong acids do in H20?
look what apprears most. ; dissociate completely in H2O so that the ocncentration of protons or hydroxyl groups is equal to the molarity of the olcution
193
How do you figure out reduction or oxidation
use the oxidative numbers
194
what is the definition of a lewis acid and base
lewis aic- accepts electrons and base donates electrons
195
What are the three letter symbols fo glutamic acid and glutamine
GLN is gltamine and glutamic acid acid id GLU
196
What happens when nonpolar molveules are immersed an an aqeous solution.
a solvation layer forms around the, which causes a larger decrease in the entropy ( or diorder ) ; is a polar substance is water less ordered solvation layer forms around them
197
What is an amne and an amide
an amine is in every amino acid ( -NH2) and amide( a carbonyl adjacent to an NH2)
198
What is hydrostatic pressure
the pressure exerted at a point within the fluid at eqaulibrium. as depth increased it increases because of the pressure exerted by the surface
199
What is the formula for decibel levle of sound
db= 10 log( 1/Io) Io is 1X 10^-12; intensity equals power/ area
200
What are the two main subtypes of polymers in startch
amylose and amylopectin. amylose is a linear ployermer of glucose molecues connected by a alpha 1-->4 glycosidic bond; amylopectic contains glusoce connected by a alpha 1--> 4 glycosidis bond but branches due to 1--6 gylcosidc bond
201
What are the four types of protein structure
1- amino acids sequence that codes the protein; 2- 2d arragement this is due to the hydrogen bnds between grous alng the peptide backbone that line different segments to the polypeptide chaine to each other ; the alpha heliz has 3. 6 resideues per tuen and the beta is arranged int oseveral b strands which are strechtec segment of the poylpetide chain that are laso kept otgether with hydrogen bonds. ( parallel or antiparallel) 3- actual 3d shapedue to hyrodphobic/ hydrophillic interactions and hydreogen bnds between side cahin amins aicds and a.a and the environment, disuldife linkages , highest level of structure shared by all proteinsl the 4- not all have but is when more then one polypeptide chain is involved
202
What happens to the solubility of a gas as the partial pressure increase
it increases
203
What are the conditions of an ideal gas, and what is the kinestic molecular theory?
The kinestic molecular theory sayd that the average kinetic energy og a sample of gas depends o the temperature of that sample: ( 3/2) KbT where kb is the boltzmann constandt. the conditions of an ideal gas: lack of forces between gas molecules, negligable particlue volume and perfectlty elastic collisions
204
what is surcose
a disacchride of glucose and fructose
205
Wat is the density of the huma body, and what is the most dense part
1g/cm3 and bones are the most desne part
206
What is the bond order of the bonds in a sixmember ring
they hve a 1.5 bond order and a higher bond energy
207
What is a polar covalent bond and a nonpolar covalent bond
electrons are unequally shared big different in electronegativities, in a polar colvent bo bond; and with a nonpolar covalent bond there is a small difference
208
What is the formula for formula charge
Valence- number of nonbonding electrons - 1/2 number of bonding electrons
209
What type of bonds have the highest mp
Ionic bonds!( even though they are intramolecular they have high mp)
210
What type of bond is more stable trans or cis? What is a higher bp straight chain or substiutents?
Trans is more stable< higher bp then ; straight cahin higher bp cause can stck
211
What is a dipole dipole bond?
Bond betwee ntwo polar molecules
212
What is deposition? what is sublimaton
Sublimation is s--> g and deposition is g-->s
213
what is the definition of latent heat of vaporization
heat requires to change 1 mole of a liquid at its boiling point under standard atmospheric pressure. expressed in kg/mol of kJ/kg
214
What does m stand for?
molality; molalirty is moles per kg; i is van hoff facto or is unitless but is the number of dissociated ions
215
When will a liqud boil? How ar vapro pressure and bp related?
when the vp is equal to the atmospheric pressure; vapor pressure and boiling point are inversely related
216
What happened when you ad solute to waer
you increase the bp, decrease the vp and mp will decrease
217
What type of compound react are substrates in grinyard reagants
carbonyl functionalities
218
Are the theres cis and trans used with alkanes
no; not with single bonds. subsituents are able to freely rotate around such bond, an action that is prevented in alkenes. in other words, atoms are never locked with single bonds so we dont use cis or trans terms
219
With SN1 do you want to form a stable carbocation intermediate or an unstable ine for the reaction ot proceed
A stable one
220
Do trans or cis have higher mp and bp
trnas cause they can stack better , better stacking equated to more surface area for intermolecular forces to be exerted so it is harder to melt
221
What conditions do you want for an E1 reaction
tertiary substrae, a mdle bas heat and polar protic solvent ; conditions analogous to SN1
222
a double bona has how many sigma and pi bonds
1 sigma and one pi
223
What is Poiseuille's law
Q= piPr^4/(8nl); used to calculate flow rate
224
What is the formula of root-mean-square speed
v=Square root(3RT/M)
225
What are the difference between transerse and longitudinal wave
Longitudinal waves travel perpendicularly and an example are soudn waves; transverse waves travel perpendicularly and an example is water. Intensisiy od sound is 1X10^-12W/m^2
226
Defien sphingomyelin, fatty acid, glyverolipid and sterol lipid
Sphingolipid are glysylceramide lipids containing sphingosine, an 18 carbon amino alcohol, bound to a fatty acid head group through an N-acyl lingacke. TSphingolipids lacking additional head groups are reffered to creamide. Sphingomylein is a complex phospholipid formed by the ester linkage to a molecule of phosphcholine or phosphoethanoalmine
227
What is the optimal pH of a lysosome
ph 4.5-5
228
look were the treatment is applied
look were the treatment is applied
229
What is the kinestic molecular theory
It states that the average kinetic energy of a sample of gas depends only on the temperature of the sample. ( not the mass of particles0 The formula is KE= (3/2)Kb T
230
What is the characteristic bond of oH in an IR
3300-3600cm^-1
231
Does a sample have to be a ga n gas chromatography
yes
232
What is the order of the magnestic spectrum?
ROYGBIV; higher wavelenghts will excite flrorophore that emit lower wavelenghts
233
What is a tautomer? What is more stabe a carbonyl or alchohol?
Tauntomers are isomers of a compond which differ only in the position of the protons and elctrons; mre conjugation the more stable, along with avoiding formala charges
234
What amino acids will attract ATP
Basic positive charged
235
What is the relationship between delta G and the keq?
Delta G^0=-RTlnKeq; delta G =delta G^0+RTlog Keq: sponstenous reaction has a keq greater than 1 an E greater than0 and a delta G less than O
236
Wht does a more positive delta S indicate? When does entropy increase?
there is an increase in disorder because S is disorder; so the order decreases; entropy increased when the solubility of a gas decreased and escapes from the solvent; it increased when a solid or liquid dissole and increased as molecular complexity increases due to the increased movement of electrons
237
What is the formula for the E of a cell
Ecell= Ecathode- Eandoe ; E stnds for the toal standar potential of a cell; is positive in a spontaneous istuation
238
What is the formula for power
Power=Work/time or Power= IV
239
What is a solvent extraction?
during a solvent extraction, an organic solvent and aqueous soliton are added to a separatory funnel, in which they form two immiscible layers. THe species to be extracted will be more soluble in one layer than the other and cannot be separated out. Typically, the top will be a less dense organic( nonpolaron a layer of water( highly polar)
240
What type of sugars ( l or D0 are found in natre? what type of amino acids
D sugar and L amino acids; with amino acids if the amine group is on the left it is L and
241
What molecules pass the blood brain barrier?
lillipophic ( nonpolar), small nonpolar
242
What type of stubstituent groups on a aromatic ring make it more stable
electon donating( methy groups)
243
What is a saponification reaction
soaps are formed byt the reaction of a long chain fatty acids with lye ( NaOH). This removed the hydrogen ato mfrom the carboxylic group and replaces it with a NA ion
244
What is the specific gravity of water
10^3kg/m^3; 1g/ml; 1g/cm^3
245
What is the formula of a fatty acid
Rn-Co2^-
246
What is an equivlant?
the aount of a substance needed to do either of the following: react with of supply one mole of hydorgenions in an acid base reaction or supply one mole of reaction in a redox reaction
247
What is energy density
energy density can be compare to pressure; it is joules per unit area J/m^3
248
What is essential in determining the shape of a molecule
the number of valence electrons
249
What is isomerization
when one molecule is transformed int oanother with the exact same atoms but different arrangement; can differ in connectvity
250
What does specific gravity teel you
the amount of the object submerged
251
What is bernoulli's equation
P+1/2pv^2 +pgy=P+1/2pv^2+pgy
252
For demensional analysis what do you start with
The number your given
253
What makes some thin aromatic
An aromatic compound must be cyclic, planar, and conjugated ( alternating pi and sigma bonded atoms0 and obey huckel's rule( molecule must have total of 4n+2Pi electroms
254
What does PCC do?
it oxidized primar alcohols to aldehydes
255
What do electron donating groups do to a compound
make them less acidic because more negative charged the less likely to lose it proton; the strenght of an acid correclates with the stability of the conjugate base
256
What needs to happen for tertiary alcohol to be oxidized
the breaking of bonds
257
What is chromium trioxide
a strong oxidizing agent
258
What kind of base is needed for a elmination reaction
strong base
259
What type of solvent is best for SN2 reactions
aprotic solcent, meaning it cannot donate hydrogen bonds.
260
What is Kcat
K cat is the reacton rate;Vmax =kcat[enymetotal]
261
What does M stand for
Molarity= moles per liter; it doesnt standfor moles
262
What is the formula for sulfite? What is the formula for sulfate
Sulfite: SO3^-2; sulfate SO4^-2
263
What is a salt bridge
a noncovalent interaction between two ionized states
264
what type of bond is sp
triple
265
What level of stucture are disrupted when apreotein is denatured
secondary and third therefore quaternary
266
What happens to a supersaturated slution when it is pertubed(upset)?
excess solute will crystallize
267
What is a nitrile
C triple bonded to N
268
How do you soleve for the velocity of aparticle n amagnetic field ?What happens if the angle between the velocity and field lines are anything other than 0 or 180
F=qvsinteta; the charge will go in a circle; the ke will always be Ke=1/2mv^2and velocity wont change but the direction will
269
What is a furan ring
Furan is an
270
What is the formula for finding moles from molarity
Moles=molarityX volume
271
Why is water as a solid form less dense than the liquid?
Most solids are more dense than a liquid but water is significantly more dense. This is because the bent structure of the water molecule and the ratio of covalently bonded hydrogens to lone pairs of electrons on the oxygen atom maximized hte hydrogen bnding that occurs in the solid ohase , prodcuing a hexagonal structure with large empty spaces.
272
Is sodium bicarbonate a strong or weak base? What does vaccum distillation do?
a weak base; separated liquids with high boiling poins using a vaccum t olower atmospheric pressure which lowers the boiling points of all substances
273
What are examples of seperatory techniques
Distiullation, recrytallization( to purify solid products that contain impurities( crystal part has no impurities; done by dissolving and letting solitify gain and again); chromatography( based on relative affinity or tendency for a comppint to attrat to certain phase); centrifuge( rapid spinning to separate by density )
274
What does it mean when a compound has weaker intermolecular forces?
This means it will have a lower bp; hydrogen bonds have the stronges intermolecular forces
275
How many stereocenters are in cholesterol
8
276
What is Newtons first law
Newtons first lwas is a statement about inetia. it states that within a reference frame, an object remains at rest or at a constante velocity unless an external force acts upon it. Essentially, this law captures the insight that forced of reistance and friction make movig objects slow down and stop.Fnet=0 at equilibrium
277
What is newtons second law
newtons second law defines force. it states that the total sum of forces acting on an object is equivalent to its mass times acceleration
278
What is netwons third law
Is about how forced come in pairs. I tstates that when a body A exerts a forc on body b, body b exertas and equal and oppotiove force; gravitational and normal foce are not a newton third law pair
279
What is the definition of critcalangle
As the angle of incidenc ray increased, there will come a point here the angle of the refracted ray reached 90; if it goes beyond this it can no longer refract at all. instead all the light rays are reflected within the original medium. This is known as total internal reflection
280
Do electronwithdrawing groups stabilize or destabilize
Electrowithdrawing groupd destabilize carbocanion
281
What is the definiton of a capacitor
a capacitor stores electric charge
282
What is the definition of physical properties
can be observed or measured without changing the composition of matter. example boiling point
283
What is not included in the equilibrium constant
pure solids and liquids
284
According to equation 1, the concentration of the polymer (cp)n with respect to (hPO4^2-) is: The euations is CDP-->
(1/n)9HPO4^-2)
285
What is the ph of a buffer when the acid and conjugate base concentrations are equal
The ph equals the pk1 o fthe acid
286
What is the nitrogen in the air inert
Because the very srong triple bond holding the nitrogen atoms together ; it is the most abundant element in the air
287
What do you start with for deminsionaanlsysis
The number given
288
what are enzymes
proteins
289
How do you measure catalytic efficiency
Kcat/Km
290
Are there more than possible two Ecell values
yes if the conditions are nonstandard the eceel values change
291
What is the E and G cell of nonsponstaneous
E is - and G is +; for sponstaneou E is + and Gis -
292
What type of cell discharges? What type of cel recharges
Recharges - electrolytic, and dischanges is galvantic
293
What is the formula for the fore between two charges that includes the dielectric constant?
F=(1/4PiE0)qq/r^2
294
What is an electron volt?
An electron volt ( eV) refers to the amount of energy needed to move one electron ( or any particle with an elementray charge) throught one volt potential. The amount of energy to move one electron across 1V field is eV. 1eV is equal to 1.6X 10^-19J
295
What is elemetary charge
The charge charged by a single proton( positive) or a single elecron( negative). It is equal to 1.6 X 10^-19C/ion)
296
When a ciruit is turned on where will the current flow immediately? And which direction does the fluid flow
Will flow through the path of least resitance, and flow positive to negative
297
What is the formula for power
P=IV
298
What are the rules for the right hand rule
Think oc C=AXB; your thumb is A and ur fingers are B then ur palm is c. THis if form a postive chanrge if negative switch the directon of the magnetic field
299
What is work done in a circle always equal to
0J
300
What is lenzs law
an inductive electromotive force always gives rise to a current whose magnetic field opposes the change to the orginal magnetic field
301
How does bond order relate to the IR spectrum
The highr the bond order the stronger the bond and the higher the vibrational strectching frequency in the IR spectrum
302
ID the heat of combustion of benzene higher or lower than exepected
Higher, becuase of resonace stabilization
303
What can putting work into a system do
we can thermal energy to move in opposite direction
304
What is the third law of thermodynamic
the entropy of a pure crystalline substance at 0K is zero. This is known as absolute zero. a system can hae an entopy less than zero
305
How do you find the limiing reagent
Take the number of moles present and divide by the species coefficient in the balanced reacton
306
What does adding an ionic compound
weak acid wont completely dissociate and would not produce as many particles in solution as strong acid and then the bp wont be riased as much
307
What is the relationship between vapor pressure and boiling pt
there is an inverse relationship
308
What does an ammeter and voltmeter measure
An ammeter measures the strength of an action potential and the voltmeter measured potential. anaction potential could be measured with current
309
What does le chatleier principle refer to
it does not apply to soloids and liquids because their concnetrations stay almost constant even if they are added to or removed from the rection in bsolute terms
310
What are london dispersion forced synonomous with ?
vander wall forces
311
What is homotropic regulation
Homotropic regulation is when a molecules serves as a substrate for its target enzyme as well as a regulatory molecules of the enzymes activity
312
What is the kinestic molecular theory of gases? How do the densities of gases change as you go deeper in the ocean
The kinetic mlecular theory states that the average kinetic energy of a gas particle depeds only on the temperature of the gas . Density of gaases will decrease with temperature but with fluid because not compressible it will not decrease
313
what can hold more water hot or cold air?
warmer air
314
What is a positive control? What is a negative contol?
A positive control is a control group that s not exposed to the exxperimental treatment but that is exposed to some other treatment that is known to produce the expected effect. The negative control is a control group that is not exposed to the experimental tretment or to any other treatment that is expected to have an effect
315
What is the molecular formula for alkanes
Cn H2nplus 2
316
What is the formula for freuquency using velocity and wavelenght
frequency =c/wavelength
317
What functional groups are more favorable for stronger acid: electronwithdrawing or electron stabilizing
Electron widthdrawing
318
What is the period equal to?
period is the time to complete one cycle
319
What do the pKa correspond to on a titration curve
the half equivalence point
320
What is the net force ( not the force applied) when something isnt movign or is at constant speed
Zero
321
What is formula for mechanical advantage
Ma+ focre output/ forceinput
322
When can pH be negative
if the H concentration is greater than 1M
323
What is the RF value
The Rf value is smaller for a polar substance because it wil move less on the ple. The rf values is equal to the distance the compounds of interest raveled along the plate divived b ythe distance traveled by the solvent front
324
What does .95^10 mean
it means you multiply .85 ten times
325
When a gas is compressed is work on the gas or does the gas do work on the surronding>
If the gs expands work is done on the surrounding by the gas
326
What is the formual for absolute pressure?
Guage pressure plus atmospheric pressure
327
What does pasquals principle state
it states that pressure is transmitted equally through a fluid in a sealed vessel
328
What is the magnitude of the detected sound frequency shift from the orignal frequency when object emitting sound is thrown up and the microphone detecting sound is on the ground?
It fall to zero then increases
329
What should you be careful of in research methods questions?
Beware of answer choices introducing confounding variables
330
How is delta G and K related
through the formula G=-RTlnka
331
How does litmus paper work?
base turns blue
332
What does carbonic anhydrase do
Catalyzes the forward and reverse reaction of H2Co3 synthesis and degradation ; it effects he kinetics of the reaction lowering the activation enegy
333
What does le Chatelier's prinicple say abou gases
Decreasing the volume of the system favors the side of equilibrium wiht fewer moles of gas
334
What influences acidity/
Intramolecular forces: radiu, resonacne and polarity; not intermolecular forces
335
What does the average kinetic energy theory state?
tates that the average kinetic energy of a gas particle depends only on the temperature of the gas. Thus, the average kinetic energy of the gas particles increases as the gas becomes warmer. It does not talk about the indiviudal molecuels
336
Does distilled water carry current
N current flows because distilled water is a poor conductor of electricity
337
What is the relationship of power and intensity to db?
for every 10 db increase the intensity and power increase by a factor of ten
338
What is tension? How does tension relate to vibration?
Tension is the ability to bounce back. The higher the tensionthe higher frequency of vibratin. pulling tighter makes the pitch higher. Apical portion of the basilar membrane heas lower frequencies
339
What is log of 1
0
340
Does sound travel fster in water or air
water
341
what is the defintion of period
The time for two success wave creast to hit a fixed point
342
Is a phenol an alcohol
no
343
How do you tell if an atom is more oxidized? What does this do th the oxidation state
More bonds to oxygen or another electronegative atom. so the oxidation state increased
344
What are the water soluble hormones
B and C
345
What is chromic acid
an oxidizng agent
346
What is a keto-enol tauntomerzation
switch between enol and ketone
347
What is the gas constant with units used for the ideal gas law
.0821 LXatm/molXK This is R.
348
What is henry's law
partial pressure=Kh times c; it related the solubility or concentration c of gas in a particular solvent to the parital pressure of that . gas.
349
What is gay-Lussat's law
there is a direct relationship between pressure and temperature of an ideal gas
350
What is 1L X atm in Joules
1Latm is eual to 101 J
351
What is the formula for the velocitiy of a molecule using boltzmans constant
v=(3kT/m)^1/2; v=(3RT/M)^2
352
What is the first step when dealing wiht partial pressures
Convert to moles
353
What state do halogens and noble gases exist in at room temperature?
Noble gases are gases at room temp. and Florurine and chloride are gases at room temperature
354
What is the difference between vaprization and evaporation?
There are two types of vaporization: evaporation and boiling; vaporizaton is the transition from liquid to gas ; evaporation is the transition from l-g at the surface below bp
355
What state will water be at STP
depends if closed or open conatiner
356
What state does sound travel through the fasest
Through a solid; travel though pressure waves so particles closer in solid
357
What ae colligative properties and what are examples of them
Properties that depend on the concentration of particles not what they are; they include bp elevation, freezing point dpression, vapor pressure depression and osmotic pressure
358
What are the two different values of R
R + 8.314 J/kmol or .08206 L atm/ k X mol
359
What is the critical point
The point at which the liquid and gas phases have the smae density
360
What two colligative properties are most interrelated
Vapor pressure and boiling poing elevation
361
What R gets used when pressure and volume is in atm and l
0.08 LX atm/ K mol
362
How does electronegativity effect the formation of a cation?
The higher the elecrotivity less likely it will want to give up electrons and less likely to form a cation
363
What is the formula for the number of electrons in each shell
2n^2
364
What is the difference between the molecular geometry and electronic geometry
the molecular geometry does not include electron pairs. if there are no lone pars th emolecular and electronic geometries are the same
365
What is a bronzted lowry base and acid
bronsted lowry acid donates H and the base is the h acceptor
366
Except for in H2 what does the oxidation state of Hydrogen have to be
Plus one even in H2O2
367
What is th mass of a beta particle
A beta particle is the nuclear equivalent of an electron which has a mass of approximately 1/8000 of a proto n
368
What is the mass of a gamma particle
zero
369
How does the mass change with beta decay, alpha decay, gamma emission
With beta decay the mass doesnt change with alpha it does as He is realsed
370
What is SDS page
The purpose of this technique is simple it allows proteins to be separated by their mass alone. THis is what gel electrophoresis does for DNA and RNA. SDS page eliminates shape differences. It coats the protein with an even distribution of mas to charge ratio
371
What is the purpose of recrystallization
to get rid of impurities
372
What is an arrthymia
an irregular time between heart beats, not necessarily an increased or decrease heart beat
373
What is a meso compound
it has a plane of symmetry
374
What is kinematics
Kinematics is the study of objects in motion without direct reference to the forces acting upon those objects
375
What is hooke's law
F=-kx; you can rearragne to get the spring constant
376
What is Poiseuille's law
Poiseulle's law can be used to relate radius to flow rate Q=piPr^4/(8nl)
377
How does SDS page work
Anode is positive ( has a higher potential) and the negative charge particle will migrate toward
378
What is tension foce
Tension force is though of as the force exerted by the rope on each team
379
What is the formula for the period of a wave
2pisq root( M/K)
380
Is the force of a person equal ot the wieght of a person if they are moving
no
381
What is the difference between the thermodynamic product and the kinetic product
The thermodynamic product is the more stable and the kinest is the faster forming. The product with more of it formed it the thermodynamic problem
382
What is an aldol condenstation
in an aldol reaction a carbonyl reacts with naOh to form aldehyde with alcohol or keytone with alcohol then in the dehydration reaction ( the condenstation portion of the reaction) the alcohol is gone
383
What is the inverse of 1/5
2
384
What enzymes performs a hydroxylation
oxioreductase
385
What bonds are involved in size exculsion chromotography
hydrogen bonds
386
What property of a wave reamains unchanged as it travels through material
frequency
387
What is the pKa value
the pka value is when there is an equal base and acid concentration in a buffer system . A good buffer is closest to the pka
388
What is not included n a net ionic reactions
The dissociation of water
389
What does a high pka correlate with
High pka is a weaker acid; the higher the pka the moe tighly the proton is held and less likely to be given up
390
How does a charge particle travel through an electric field
it accelerate
391
What is a buffer
Buffers are intended to reisst changes in pH, and consist of a weak acid or a weak base and its corresponsing salt. The buffer can contain a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid
392
What is the human range of hearing
The human range of hearing is 20hz to 20KHz
393
What is the first step of gluconeogensis in which pyruvate is the substrate
Pyruvate must be converted to oxaloacetate in the mitocondria . then its converted to malate to leave the motocondria then back to oxaloacetate in the cytosol. I nthe cytosol PEP carboxykinase changes it fro moxaloacetate to PEP
394
What does increasing temperature do to the rate of the reaction
Increasing temperature increaes the rate of the reaction
395
What change is a nucleophile
Nucleophile is nucleus loving; it is negatviely charged
396
What is a amphiprotc compound
an amphiprotic compound is a compound which can donate or accept a proton therfore it can act as an acid or a base
397
What is the efficiency formula
Efficiency is equal to work output/ work input
398
How does the mp change when impurities are present
The range of the melting point it broadened and thne melting point decreases
399
What is TLC
TLc depends on the differentia laffinity of a compound for the stationary and mobile phase. Depending on how polar the solvent and absorbant are a compoud will move on a TLC plate at a certain rate. The temperature also affects the rate of movement. Polar moves slower . More polar the greated eluting strenght. Eluting strenght is how much it is absobed into the solvent. Polar have higher eluding strength and non polar travel faster . Higher retention factor as well if more like solvent
400
What is normality
normality refers to the number of moles of protons per liter of solution. It can be calculated by multiplying the molarity of the solution by the number of protons per molecule
401
What is the pka of an ideal buffer
To construct the best possible buffer, we should choose the organic acid with the pka,closest to the PH at which the experiment will take place. The ideal buffer should have a pKa within 1 pHunit of the expected experimental conditions
402
What is phosphoric acid
H3PO4
403
What does a lower ksp mean
the lower the concentration of anion and cation i solution
404
What is the dissociation constant of a weak acid?
it is much smaller than 1 but not zero
405
What color does red litmus paper change in the presence of a base? What color does blue litmus paper change in the presence of an acid
blue in basic conditions: in the presence of an acid blue litmus paper turns red
406
When does the buffer equals the pka?
When the acid and conjugate base concentration are equal the pH of a buffer equals the pka of the acid. Rememebr buffers resist change even when a strong base is added
407
What makes something more likely to be oxidized
more double bonds
408
What is an enol and what is it know nto do
double bond carbon will alcohol which will tauntermerize to an aldehyde
409
What is type of solvent is best for a monosubsitution and what type of solvent is best for a polysubsitution
a nonpolar solvent is best for a monosubsitution and a polar is best for a polysubsitution
410
If a region of electron density is involved in an aromatic system can it also be involed in the hybridization of that atom
No
411
What is a pyranose ring? What is a
a six member ring
412
What makes up sucrose
1 fructose and 1 glucose
413
Explain NMR- downfield, upfield deshielding, shielding where electronegative atoms are
down field, deshieled where electronegative atoms appear ; higher ppm
414
How are frequency wavelength and energy related
energy and freqency are directly related and wavelength is opposite
415
What is SDS
. SDS confers a uniform charge density to all proteins in the sample.
416
What is the purpose of a reducing agent and is SDS one of them
to denature disulfide bongs no sds is not one
417
what is rf
distance a solvent travels; higher number ravels father
418
Why is histine unqiue
it is unqiue because its pka is 6 and therefore close to physiological pH so it is amphoterically and can act like an acid or bas
419
What is Benedicts test
Benedicts is used t oidentifiy reducing sugars ( anysugar that has an aldehyde nthe linear form or a keto group that can isomerize to an aldehyde. Some disacchrides such assucrse are not because of the fomation of the acetal (R2c(OR)c
420
Where does C=O and C=c appear on an IR spectrum
C=O appears at 1740-1710 and C=C appears at 68--1620cm^-1
421
What are the steps of free radical subsitution
Initiation- heat added and two free radicals form; propagation- switch in what is the radical ; termination- second radical and new radcal combine
422
What is the formula for estimating the enthalpy of reactions
Bond energies of the reactants- bond energy's of the products
423
What does the law of thermodynamics state
that heat energy can only spontaneoudly move from high energy are to low energy area However if we ut work int othe system we can get thermal energy to move in the opposite direct- like pushing ball up a hil or a refrigorator
424
When the concentration of the reactants - doubles - and the rate quadruples what is the exponent on the concentration
2
425
What are the units for molecular wegiht
g/mol
426
What effect does HF have on boiling point and why
Not a large effect because weak acid and doesnt completely dissociate in water
427
What is the function of myelin sheath
The function of myelin sheat his to act as an insulator. It insulated the interal cytosol from the extracellular fluid. When the nodes of Ranvier open tin response t ostimulaus, te resulting depolarixation can be transmitted along the xon since the myelin sheath is insulating
428
What is the magnetic quantum number
The magnetic quatum numebr specifies the particular orbital within a subshell where an electron is most likely to be found at a given moment in time. It specifies the particular orbital where and electron is expected to be found
429
What is the azimuthal ( angular momentum) number
This is the secnd quantum number. It is desgnated by the letter L . It refers to the shape and number of subshells wihtin a given prinivpal nergy level. ( shelL.t has important implications for chemical bonding and bond angles. The range is 0 to n=1. This number is the number of subshells. when "l" is 0 the subshell is called S, when it is 1 the subshell is called p, when it is 2 the subshell is called d and when l is 3 the subshell s called f.
430
What is the principle quantum number
The principle quantum number is closely related to the potential energy of the electron. The potential energy is proportional to the square of the distan of two oppositely particles by coulomb's law, n is associated with the radical "size" of the electron cloud
431
What is the spin quantum number
An electron has two spin orientations
432
What is more stable a six or four member ring
a six member
433
Where do aromatic C-C and conjugated C-C fall on an IR
1580-1610
434
Can an enzyme be chiral
Yes
435
Do Oh lose protons in acid or basic solutions
no, carboxyllic acids do , and also the Oh on a phosphate group
436
What ar ethe postively charged amono acids ? They all are :
histine, arginine, and lysine. they are al basic
437
What is the pka of a good buffer
The pka should be within 1 pH unit of the desired experimental conditions
438
What is capacitor
A capacitor collects chages of opposite sign. As more charge arrives it is harder and harder to fil the plates until finaly an equilibrium occurs
439
What is 1% of 1ppm
10,000
440
What happens to the mass and atomic number in beta decay
The mass stays the same and the atomic number increased. This is because a neutron becomes a proton and electron
441
What is the magnetic dipole movement a result of
it is a result of angular momemetum from the intrinstic spin of electrons
442
What is the defintition and what is the formula of work function
the minimum energy to remove an electron from a solid to a point in the vacumm immediately outside the solid surface. KE=hf -work function..... energy of the emitted particle is Hf
443
What does creating a resounace stucture involve doing
switching the position of single and double bond between atoms in which one of the atoms is involved in both types of bonds
444
What is the octet rule
atoms of main group elements tend to combine in such a way that each atom has eight valence electrons in its valence shell giving it the same configuration as a noble gas
445
How do you figure out the bond order
set up the resounance structures. Count the number of bonds in one structure ... A single bond counts as 1 bond adn a double bond has 2. Then divide by the number of bond groups between individual atoms
446
What is stronger polar or nonpolar bond? What is longer?
The polar bond is stronger and is shorter
447
What is the defintion of electron geometry
doesnt matter if bonds aor electron pairs it is the number of domains, the O in wter has an electron geometry of tetrahedral
448
What is the volume of a cylinder
piR62h
449
What is the purpose of a benedicts test
a benedicts test can be used to identify reducting sugars. ex. any sugar that ahs an aldehyde or keto group that can isomerize to an aldehyde . all monosaccrides are reducing sugars but some disaccrides sucha as sucorse arent because of the formatin of the acetal (OR) functional group which cant isomerize to form a aldehyde
450
what force balances gravity in a liquid container
surface tension
451
What is bernuollis equation for
Bernoullis equation statess that the sum of all forms of energy in a fluid flowing along an enclosed path is the same at any two points in that path/ The assumptions are flow is steady, density is constant( incompressible) and frictionlosses are neglible
452
What is an intensive propery and what is an extensive property
n intensive property is a physical porperty that does nt depend on the system size or the amount of material in the syste, . For example density Mass and volume however are extrensic properties
453
What is constant as a wave goes through a diferent medium
frequency, remember E=hF
454
At what angle can a doppler shift not be detected
at 90 degrees
455
What is the order of electromagnetic light
Gamma, X ray, UV visible light, infared , radar, FM, TV, shortwave, Am
456
How does the intensity of light change as it passed through a single polarized filter
by 50%; if there is a second filter and its turned 90 degrees no light will pass
457
What is the bouyancy force
the bouyance force is equal to the wieght of fluid displaced by an object . Fb must be equal to or greater than the wieght of the object for it to float . Fb= density of Fluid X gravity X Volume of liquid
458
What is most dense: blood, muscle, fat bone
bone, muscle blood, fat
459
What determines if a reaction id exothermic or endothermic
delta H
460
What is the henderson hasselbach equation
ph=pka +log (conjugate base/acid)
461
What is the structure of ATP
Adensosine( a purine nucleobase) a pentose sugar and triphosphate group ( negatively charged at physiological ph
462
What is an antioxidant
a substance that inhibits oxidation; it must be able to lose its electrons an act as a reducing agent antiooxidants such as vitamin c and e and ubiquine and NADH are able to donate electrons( act as reucing agents to stop the oxidation free radicals may cause
463
What is a coordinate covalent bond
A coordinate bond is a covalent bond in which both electrons come fro mthe same atom, refered to as a ligand. During the hydration of a metal on, water acts as a ligand donating oth of the electrons to be shared in the coordinate bond
464
What two subtypes of polymers is starched compsed of :
amylose and amylopectin
465
What s CTP citrate lyase
ATP citrate lyase is involved in faty acid biosynthesis. it is controlled throuhg insulin and glucogon mediated phosphorylaion and depleted.When a lot of atp it tends to be activated
466
How does vasoconstriction ad vasodialation help with thermo regulation? What vessel is involved in this process?
Vasoconstriction occur when heat is trying ot e conserved and vasodialation occrs when heat needs to be disappated . the arties are involved in tis
467
What vessel has the greatest cross sectional area? What does this mean about velocity and the pressure
The vessel with the greatest cross sectional area is the capilaries because there are more caplillaries than any other vessel. But the capillaries are the vessels which hac the lower fluid velocity and pressure due to the higher total cross sectional area
468
What are the important enzymes of glycolysis
hexokinase ( glucose--> glucose 6 phosphate); it is not directly allosterically inhibited by ATP but is active state when ATPlevels high step 3: phosphofructosekinase1 fructose 6 phosphate--> fructose 1,6 phosphate, ATP invested, commitment step; step 10 pyruvate kinase: PEP to pyruvate, ATP formed ....Phosphofructosekinase and pyruvate kinase are allosterically inhibted by highlevels of ATP
469
if someting is cut by 1/3 how much of the original length is it
2/3
470
What is poiseulle's law
changeP(pi)(r^4)/8Ul....u is the dynamic viscosity
471
IS ammonia a base or acid
ammonia ia a base so it will raise pH
472
What types of ImF are between all molecules
london dispersion
473
What is a solution
an evenly distributed mixture on a mledular leve and can be solids, liquids of gaes
474
what is a bronsted base
bronsted base- accepts protons
475
What is true about nitrates
All nitrates are soluble
476
What is a lewis acid
accepts electrons , can tell if it doesnt have a full octetet
477
What is a spectator ion
same on both side of the rractants and products
478
What is an indicator
a weak base or acid that change color. The half equivlance pt is the same the same as when the concentration of the weak acid and weak conjugated base are equal ( max buffer capacity0 , and it is the point in which the indictor will be a mixture of the colors of the acid and base forms of the indicator
479
Wht is the only think that can change the ksp
the temperature
480
Less soluble means it has a higher or lower ksp
lower: the higher the Ksp the more soluble
481
What is molar solubity
The number of moles of a particular solid that dissociate in one liter of solution
482
What do the formtion of complex ion do
increase solubitiy
483
What are disulfide bonds
disulfide bonds are covalent bonds between the SH of the side chain of two cysteine amino acids. The disulfide bonds is the oxidized states and thiol state it the reduced
484
Where do the phosphates kinase use come from
ATP
485
What does a more positive detla S mean
means more disorder
486
How do impurities effect a compound
increase boiling point and decrease melting point
487
What does a low retention factor mean
the compound interacts least favorably with the wolvent
488
How does recrystalization
you want a solvent in which the compound is to be solublee at cold temps and insoluble at warm
489
What is edman's degration
invlved the sequental cleavage of termina lamino acids
490
What is Uv massspec best for
heteroatoms and double bonds
491
What is the mass of OH
17 amu, remember knowns mass heltps with mass to charge ratio
492
How many hertz is a terahertz
10^12Hz=1Hz
493
The element with the more negative or positive reduction potential gets reduced in electrolytic?
The more negative, the more positiv gets reduced in galvantic
494
What does a more negative exponent mean
The number is smaller
495
What happens if decrease pressure
shift to where more moled of gas
496
How do you make an ester
alcohol and carboxillic acid
497
What is the function of a boilding chip or ebulliator in distillation
The ebulliator introduces small air bubbles, the ar bubbles break the surface tension of the liquid being heated and prevent superheating and bumping
498
Ir eak of nitile
2200
499
What is E=hf
The energy related to a photons frequency
500
What is Heisenberg's principle
You can never percieve the exact speed of an object becuase everything behavers like a wave and a particle
501
What is the definition of half life
The time it takes for half of all the radioactive nuclei to decay into their daughter nuclei
502
What is K catalytic
va man/ total enzyme concentration
503
What is vapor pressure and the measure of what gives the best indication
the measure of boilding point
504
What is venturi effect
reduction in pressure when a fluid flows througha constricted section
505
What is the work of string formula
W=1/2kx^2
