Christmas Booklet

Question 1

(AC) Plasma Membrane - Function

Answer 1

Protects cell from surroundings. semi-permeable to ions and organic molecules

Question 2

(AC) Cytoplasm - Function

Answer 2

Maintains cell shape and stores chemicals needed for metasolic reactions

Question 3

(AC) Nucleus - Function

Answer 3

Controls cellular activity and houses DNA and proteins

Question 4

(AC) Nucleolus - Function

Answer 4

Makes RNA and ribosomes

Question 5

(AC) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - Function

Answer 5

Protein synthesis takes place in the ribosomes and the newly synthesised proteins are transported to the golgi apparatus

Question 6

(AC) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - Function

Answer 6

Responsible for the synthesis and transport of lipids and carbohydrates

Question 7

(AC) Golgi Apparatus - Function

Answer 7

Modifies newly made proteins (from rough ER) and packages them into vesicles to be transported to where they are needed

Question 8

(AC) Vesicles - Function

Answer 8

Transport vesicles transport materials inside the cell. secretory vesicles transport proteins that are to be released from the cell

Question 9

(AC) Lysosomes - Function

Answer 9

Break down waste materials including old organelles

Question 10

(AC) Ribosomes - Function

Answer 10

Protein synthesis occurs here

Question 11

(AC) Mitochondria - Function

Answer 11

Site of the final stages of cellular respirations

Question 12

(AC) Centrioles - Function

Answer 12

Form spindle fibres during cell division

Question 13

(PC) Cell Wall - Function

Answer 13

Protects and supports each cell and the whole plant

Question 14

(PC) Chloroplast - Function

Answer 14

Site of photosynthesis. light energy is trapped by the chlorophyll and used to produce carbohydrate molecules from water and carbon dioxide

Question 15

(PC) Vacuole - Function

Answer 15

Maintains turgor to ensure a rigid framework in the cell

Question 16

(PC) Tonoplast - Function

Answer 16

Selectively permeable to allow small molecules to pass through

Question 17

(PC) Amyloplast - Function

Answer 17

Responsible for synthesis and storage of starch granules

Question 18

(PC) Plasmodesmata - Function

Answer 18

Enable transport and communication between individual plant cells

Question 19

(PC) Pits - Function

Answer 19

Allow water to enter and leave xylem vessels

Question 20

Palisade Mesophyll Cells - Function

Answer 20

Photosynthesis. mesophyll captures light and makes food

Question 21

Root Hair Cell - Function

Answer 21

Collect water and mineral nutrients from water and transport through roots to the rest of the plant

Question 22

Sperm Cell - Function

Answer 22

Fertilize egg. reproduce

Question 23

Egg Cell - Function

Answer 23

Reproduce

Question 24

Red Blood Cell - Function

Answer 24

Transport oxygen. remove carbon dioxide from body

Question 25

White Blood Cell - Function

Answer 25

Protect body against infectious disease and foreign invaders

Question 26

Squamous Epithelial Tissue - Location

Answer 26

Lines certain structures such as the alveoli

Question 27

Squamous Epithelial Tissue - Function

Answer 27

Provide short diffusion path ways for oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 28

Columnar Epithelial Tissue - Location

Answer 28

Lines the trachea in the respiratory system

Question 29

Columnar Epithelial Tissue - Function

Answer 29

Protects lungs from infections by sweeping away pathogens

Question 30

`Endothelium Epithelial Tissue - Location

Answer 30

Lining heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

Question 31

Endothelium Epithelial Tissue - Function

Answer 31

Provide short diffusion pathways for various substances E.G. products of digestion and blood plasma and tissue fluid

Question 32

Slow Twitch Muscle Fibres (6)

Answer 32

``` Aerobic respiration Many mitochondria Dark in colour Long contractions Slow to fatigue Endurance activities ```

Question 33

Fast Twitch Muscle Fibres (6)

Answer 33

``` Anaerobic respiration Few / no mitochondria Pale in colour Short contractions Quick to fatigue Activities needing short bursts of power ```

Question 34

Steps in an Action Potential

Answer 34

Voltage begins to rise from -60mv. Gates in voltage-gated channels open. Influx of Na+ ions into axon membrane. This is depolarization. This causes action potential in that section of the neurone. Sets off depolarisation in next section of neurone. Approx +30mv when the Na+ channels close. Gates in K+ gated channels open. K+ ions flow into membrane (slower that Na+ influx). Potential difference returns to -60mv. This is repolarisation.

Question 35

What Happens at a Synapes

Answer 35

Action potential arrives at synaptic bulb. Causes calcium channels to open allowing in calcium to the presynaptic bulb. Neurotransmitters arrive in vesicles. Calcium causes the vesicle to merge with synapse membrane, releasing the neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters disperse across synapse until they reach the postsynaptic nerve. Neurotransmitters bind with sodium channels, causing them to open and allow in sodium. New action potential is created.