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Chromosome Inheritance Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Why does down syndrome happen?

A

abnormal number of chromosomes

chromosome abnormality in 21

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2
Q

How can an extra chromosome cause a wide range of
phenotypic effects?

A
  • Chromosomes transmit genetic information
  • The type and amount of genetic material is important for normal development
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3
Q

Chromosomes

A

are structures within living cells that contain the genetic material

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4
Q

What are chromosomes composed of?

A
  • DNA (genetic material)
  • Proteins (chromatin), provides organized structure
  • Eukaryotic chromosomes: linear and contained in the nucleus
  • Prokaryotic chromosomes: circular and located in the nucleiod
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5
Q

Chromosome structure in the nucleus

A

Chromosomes are present in the nucleus as chromatin

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6
Q

Chromatin

A

a long thread primarily made of DNA with some protein scaffolding

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7
Q

When does chromatin duplicate and condense?

A

In preparation for cell division (mitosis or meiosis)

it condenses and duplicated into visible chromosomes of a karotype

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8
Q

What are duplicated chromosomes called?

A

Chromatids

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9
Q

What are chromatids joined by?

A

Centromere

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10
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46 (23 pairs)
- you get 23 from mom, 23 from dad

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11
Q

Dogs chromsomes

A

78 (39 pairs)

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12
Q

Cat chromsomes

A

38 (19 pairs)

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13
Q

Horse chromsomes

A

64 (32 pairs)

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14
Q

Cow chromsomes

A

60 (30 pairs)

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15
Q

Rice chromsomes

A

24 (12 pairs)

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16
Q

Corn chromsomes

A

20 (10 pairs)

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17
Q

Potatoes chromsomes

A

48 (24 pairs)

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18
Q

Centromere

A
  • located at the center of a chromsome
  • Holds sister chromatids together and is important
    for cell division
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19
Q

Telomeres

A
  • located at the end of chromosomes (caps)
  • protective ends that prevent degradation.
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20
Q

Chromosome Arms

A
  • Short arm (p)
  • Long arm (q)
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21
Q

Sister chromatids

A
  • both chromosomes replicated
  • the two exact copies
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22
Q

How does the length of the arms and the centromere help in the function of the chromosome?

A

Helps in function, stability, and genetic disorders (plays a role)

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23
Q

Types of cells in plants and animals

A

Somatic and germ cells

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24
Q

Somatic cells

A
  • make up a big majority of cells in an organism
  • in G0 phase of going through mitosis
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25
Germ cells
are precursors (before) to gametes * Set aside during embryogenesis * Become incorporated into reproductive organs * Only cells that undergo meiosis to produce haploid gametes
26
Mitosis
Nuclear division that generates two daughter cells containing the same number and type of chromosomes as parent cell
27
Meiosis
Nuclear division that generates gametes (egg and sperm) containing half the number of chromosomes found in other cells
28
Purpose of Mitosis
- growth and repair
29
Number of cells produced in mitosis
2 identical cells
30
Is there genetic variation in mitosis?
No
31
Purpose of Meiosis
Sperm, egg production
32
Number of Cells produced in Meiosis
4 unique cells
33
Is there genetic variation in meiosis?
Yes
34
What is the cell cycle?
a repeating pattern of cell growth and division an alternation between interphase and mitosis
35
What does nuclear divison during mitosis create?
- two genetically identical daughter cells
36
How many parts does interphase have?
Three, Period of cell growth and chromosome duplication between divisions
37
Parts of interphase
- Gap 1(G1) Phase - Synthesis (S) Phase - Gap 2 (G2) Phase
38
Formation of microtubles in cytoplasm
Centrosome, centrioles
39
Centrosome
microtubule organizing center near the nuclear envelope
40
Centrioles
core of centrosome (not found in plant cells
41
When does most cell growth occur in the cell cycle?
G1 and G2 Phase
42
Do some cells stop dividing in the cell cycle?
Yes, some cells stop dividing and arrest in the G0 phase
43
What phase does chromosomes replicate to form sister chromatids?
S phase
44
Checkpoints of the Cell Cycle
- each step has to be complete before moving onto the next - helps prevent errors in cycle
45
What happens in the G1 phase?
cell growth, chromosomes are not duplicating or dividing interphase; Gap before duplicatio
46
What happens in S phase?
duplication of chromosome into sister chromatids DNA synthesis and chromsome duplicaition
47
What happens in G2 Phase?
cell growth, synthesis of proteins required for mitosis G2: interphase Gap before mitosis
48
Diploid
2n (each chromosome pair has one material and paternal copy)
49
Haploid
n (gametes, carry only a single set of chromosomes)
50
What fuses during fertilization to form a zygote
Two gametes
51
What are zygotes?
diploid (2n) carry two matching sets of chromosomes, one each from egg and sperm
52
What is Metacentric chromosome?
Centromere is in the middle
53
What is Acrocentric chromosome?
Centromere is near one end
54
Homologs
contain same set of genes but have different alleles
55
Non-homologous
carry unrelated set of genes
56
Karotype
Micrograph of stained chromosomes arranged in homologous pairs
57
Autosomes
all chromosomes except x and y
58
Sex chromosomes
unpaired x and y
59
Nondisjunction
homologs of a chromosome pair segregate during meiosis 1 can result in abnormal chromosome (down (trisomy)
60
How does meiosis contribute to genetic diversity?
Independent assortment of nonhomlogs created differenet combinations of alleles across gametes Crossing-over between homologs creates different combinations of alleles within each chromosome
61
Cytokinesis
* final stage of cell divison * Begins during anaphase but not completed until after telophase * Cytoplasm of parent cells split into two daughter cells with identical nuclei
62
Cytokinesis definition
* the cytoplasm divides and produces two daughter cells
63
Cytokinesis in animals
* In animals – contractile ring that contracts to form cleavage furrow * organelles (for example, ribosomes, mitochondria, Golgi bodies) are distributed to each daughter cell
64
Cytokinesis in plants
* In plants – have cell plate that forms near equator of cell *organelles (for example, ribosomes, mitochondria, Golgi bodies) are distributed to each daughter cell
65

Genetics (11 decks)

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