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Chromosomes Flashcards

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1
Q

Who first describes the chromosomes and in what year?

A

(WEE)
Walther Flemming; Eduard Strasburger and Edouard van Beneden

  • In 1879-1892
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2
Q

The term chromosomes is first used by? and what year?

A

Henrich Wilhelm Gottfried Waldeyer (HWGW)

  • 1888
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3
Q

Chroma from chromosomes is means?

A

Color

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4
Q

Soma from chromosomes is means?

A

Body

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5
Q

Chromatin fibers undergo __________,__________, and _____________ during prophase so that the chromosomes become moe progressively thinner?

A

Folding, coiling, and supercoiling

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6
Q

Chromosome are compose of thin chromatin threads called?

A

Chromatin fibers

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7
Q

Chromatin is readily observed in light microscope. True or False?

A

True

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8
Q

At the end of cell division, on the other hand, the fibers coil and extend as fine chromatin threads, which are visible at light microscope? True or False

A

False, it is not visible because it is too thin for light microscope to see

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9
Q

Who discovered the “chromosome theory of inheritance” and what year?

A

Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri

  • 1902
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10
Q

What theory shown that chromosomes occur in pairs, one parent contributes each member of the pair, and the pairs separate during meiosis?

A

“chromosome theory of inheritance”

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11
Q

Who suggested that t genes reside in chromosome as seen in Drosophila?

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan

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12
Q

What animal used to become their muse for understanding genes and inheritance?

A

Fruit flies

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12
Q

It contained in single chromosomes, which are usually circular DNA molecules.

A

Genome of prokaryotes

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13
Q

Complexed with histone-like proteins in a structure
termed the?

A

Nucleoid

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14
Q

It is naked DNA and attached to the plasma membrane?

A

Prokaryotic chromosomes

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15
Q

It is typically are not essential for bacterial growth. Instead, they carry genes that confer desirable traits to the bacteria,
such as antibiotic resistance.

A

Plasmids

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15
Q

Prokaryotes also frequently carry one or more smaller
independent circular DNAs, called

A

Plasmids

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16
Q

What cell may also contain plasmids that are autonomously self-replicating extrachromosomal DNA that confer special characteristics to the cell in which it is present?

A

Bacteria cell

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17
Q

Example of plasmids that can be present in many complete copies per cell?

A

Antibiotic Resistance genes

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18
Q

In plasmids (F+ plasmid) means?

A

Fertility factor

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19
Q

A molecule that carries the gentic information in all cellular forms?

(Plasmid DNA or Chromosomal DNA)

A

Chromosomal DNA

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19
Q

Not considered as genomic DNA as it is form of extrachromosomal DNA

(Plasmid DNA or Chromosomal DNA)

A

Plasmid DNA

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20
Q

A small, circular, double stranded DNA molecule that is distinct from a cell chromosomal DNA

(Plasmid DNA or Chromosomal DNA)

A

Plasmid DNA

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21
Q

A type of genomic DNA

(Plasmid DNA or Chromosomal DNA)

A

Chromosomal DNA

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22
Naturally occurs only in prokaryocytes (Plasmid DNA or Chromosomal DNA)
Plasmid DNA
23
Occurs in both the eukaryote and prokaryocyte (Plasmid DNA or Chromosomal DNA)
Chromosomal DNA
23
Genes are not necessary for the general function of the cell (Plasmid DNA or Chromosomal DNA)
Plasmid DNA
24
Circular (Plasmid DNA or Chromosomal DNA)
Plasmid DNA
24
Linear in prokaryocyte and circular in eukaryocyte (Plasmid DNA or Chromosomal DNA)
Chrmowsomal DNA
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Number of particulartype of DNA vary from 1 to thousands (Plasmid DNA or Chromosomal DNA)
Plasmid DNA
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Number of copies of a particular chromosome per cell is determined based on the species (Plasmid DNA or Chromosomal DNA)
Chromosomal DNA
26
INformation encoded by the genes is necessary for the growth, development and reproduction of the organisms (Plasmid DNA or Chromosomal DNA)
Chromosomal DNA
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Can replicate independently from the genome (Plasmid DNA or Chromosomal DNA)
Plasmid DNA
27
Eukaryocute have exons and introns, but the prokaryocyte have an open reading frame (Plasmid DNA or Chromosomal DNA)
Chromosomal DNA
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Replicate along the genome (Plasmid DNA or Chromosomal DNA)
Chromosomal DNA
28
Has open reading frame; doesn't havee exons and introns? (Plasmid DNA or Chromosomal DNA)
Plasmid DNA
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Can be transferred by means of horizontal gene transfer (Plasmid DNA or Chromosomal DNA)
Plasmid DNA
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Can only be transferred by means of cell division (Plasmid DNA or Chromosomal DNA)
Chrmosomal DNA
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THE BACTERIAL CHROMOSOME IS CONDENSED INTO?
Chromosomal domains
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Plays a vital role in the recombinant DNA technology (Plasmid DNA or Chromosomal DNA)
Plasmid DNA
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Important in the study of genetic information? (Plasmid DNA or Chromosomal DNA)
Chromosomal DNA
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where it is organized into 50 or 60 loops or domains that are bound to a central protein scaffold, attached to the cell membrane?
Nucleoid
30
The circular DNA is packaged into a region of the cell called the
Nucleoid
30
Single, circular DNA molecule located in the nucleoid region of cell
BACTERIAL CHROMOSOME
31
possess multiple large linear chromosomes contained in the cell's nucleus.
Eukaryotes
31
Chromatin contains thrice of protein compared to DNA? true or false
False, it is twice and not thrice
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The complexes between eukaryotic DNA and proteins (histone and non-histone proteins) are called
Chromatin
31
is an enzyme necessary for the unwinding the coils to the right. In order for DNA to control the synthesis of proteins, and in order for DNA to reproduce. They cut the DNA, and at the end of the process connect it again
DNA gyrase (Topoisomerase II)
31
This is lso occur in mitochondria,which are present in almost all eukaryotic cells, and in chloroplasts, which are present in plants and someunicellular eukaryotes
Circular DNA molecules
31
There are 5 major types of histones
H1, H2A, H2B, H3 and H4
31
Condensation: there is a progressive decrease in their length accompanied with an increase in thickness
Prophase
31
sister chromatids are replicated, thinnest
Interphase
31
it is tightly bound to small basic proteins (histones) that package the DNA in an orderly way in the cell nucleus.
DNA of eukaryotic cell
31
The major proteins of chromatin are the
Histones
32
chromosomes are smallest.
Anaphase
32
Chromosomes are the most easily observed and studied during metaphase when they are very thick, quite short and well spread in the cell.
Metaphase
32
Therefore, chromosomes measurements are generally taken during what phase?
mitotic metaphase.
32
The major components of chromatin are?
DNA and Histone proteins
32
Euchromatin or heterochromatin: -consists of mostly inactive DNA
HETEROCHROMATIN
32
This is small proteins containing a high proportion of basic amino acids (arginine and facilitate lysine) that binding negatively charged DNA molecule.
Histones
32
Euchromatin or heterochromatin: - consists of DNA that is active, e.g., being expressed as protein
EUCHROMATIN
32
Euchromatin or heterochromatin: - Actively present in eukaryotic genome
HETEROCHROMATIN
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Euchromatin or heterochromatin: - Condensed chromatin structure
HETEROCHROMATIN
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Euchromatin or heterochromatin: - Genetically active
EUCHROMATIN
33
Euchromatin or heterochromatin: - Loos chromatin structure
EUCHROMATIN
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Euchromatin or heterochromatin: - Actively present in prokaryotic and eukaryotic genome
EUCHROMATIN
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Euchromatin or heterochromatin: - Genetically inactive
HETEROCHROMATIN
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Euchromatin or heterochromatin: - Present at inner side of the nucleus
EUCHROMATIN
36
Euchromatin or heterochromatin: - Stained dark
HETEROCHROMATIN
36
Euchromatin or heterochromatin: - Present at nuclear periphery
HETEROCHROMATIN
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Euchromatin or heterochromatin: - Stained slighter
EUCHROMATIN
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Euchromatin or heterochromatin: - Usually sticky
HETEROCHROMATIN
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Euchromatin or heterochromatin: - Early replicative
EUCHROMATIN
39
Euchromatin or heterochromatin: - Late replicative
HETEROCHROMATIN
39
Euchromatin or heterochromatin: - Aren’t sticky
EUCHROMATIN
40
Euchromatin or heterochromatin: - Allow gene to form a protein
EUCHROMATIN
40
Euchromatin or heterochromatin: - Regulates genetic integrity, and control gene expression
HETEROCHROMATIN
41
Euchromatin or heterochromatin: - Low genetic density
EUCHROMATIN
41
Euchromatin or heterochromatin: - High genetic density
HETEROCHROMATIN
41
Euchromatin or heterochromatin: - Consists of 2-3% part of the genome
EUCHROMATIN
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Euchromatin or heterochromatin: - Consists of 97-98% part of the genome
HETEROCHROMATIN
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