Chromosomes

Question 1

Human Karyotype

Answer 1

Diploid, whatever is in one chromosome, is also duplicated

Question 2

Allele

Answer 2

Every gene in a chromosome is represented two times.

Question 3

Structure of chromosome

Answer 3

Centromere: centre
Telomere: ends of chrom.
in between p (short) q (long) arm

Question 4

Cell cycle and Chromosome

Answer 4

Question 5

Gene transcription

Answer 5

TF binds to promoter and this recruits the RNA polymerase.

Question 6

Promoter

Answer 6

starting point of transcription; DNA sequence (100-1000bp) that initiates transcription

Question 7

Enhancer

Answer 7

regulatory DNA elements which bind proteins (distant from gene)

Question 8

Other ways in which transcription can be regulated:

Answer 8

CpG islands
Micro RNA
long non-coding RNA

Question 9

CpG islands

Answer 9

continuous C&G
CCGGGCCCCGCCCCGGGGGG
Transcription start-site!
Methylated CpG stops transcription

Question 10

MicroRNA

Answer 10

can regulate gene transcription; can functions as oncogene or tumor suppressor gene, depending on target gene.

Question 11

Histone modification:

Answer 11

Methylation causes nucleosomes to pack tightly together; genes NOT expressed
Acetylation results in loosening of nucleosomes; genes expressed

Question 12

Translation

Answer 12