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Physical Education > Chronic Adaptations > Flashcards

Chronic Adaptations Flashcards

1
Q

What are chronic adaptations?

A

Chronic adaptations are the physiological changes that occur in response to the increased demands placed on the body during training.

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2
Q

Types of chronic adaptations

A

Structural change

Functional change

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3
Q

Aerobic cardiovascular adaptations (heart)

A

Increased ventricle size
Decreased resting heart rate
Increased stroke volume
Increased cardiac output at maximal intensity

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4
Q

Aerobic cardiovascular adaptations (blood vessels)

A

Increased capillary density (increase number and size of blood vessels)
Increased blood volume
Increased red blood cells
increased blood plasma
Increased haemoglobin (not concentration)

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5
Q

What happens to the LIP with aerobic training?

A

It is prolonged

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6
Q

What happens to a-vo2 diff with aerobic training?

A

a-vo2 diff increases with aerobic training as it allows for greater oxygen extraction from the blood to the muscles.

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7
Q

Why does LIP increase with aerobic training?

A

Aerobic training increases oxygen supply to the working muscles, allowing for greater lactate clearance and quicker resynthesis of ATP via the aerobic system. This allows for an athlete to perform at higher aerobic intensities for longer before fatiguing from accumulation of metabolic by-products.

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8
Q

How does an increased stroke volume improve performance?

A

Increased stroke volume means more blood is pumped out by the heart each time it beats. This increases the flow of oxygenated blood to the working muscles, allowing for greater lactate clearance and quicker ATP resynthesis via the aerobic system. This allows for an athlete to perform at higher aerobic intensities for longer before fatiguing from accumulation of metabolic by-products.

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9
Q

How does an increased capillary density improve performance?

A

Increased capillary density allows for greater delivery of oxygen to the working muscles allowing for greater lactate clearance and quicker ATP resynthesis via the aerobic system. This allows for an athlete to perform at higher aerobic intensities for longer before fatiguing from accumulation of metabolic by-products.

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10
Q

How does increased blood volume improve performance?

A

An increase in blood volume means there is an increase in red blood cell count and haemoglobin count. As haemoglobin is the element of blood that transports oxygen around the body, an increase of it will lead to greater delivery of oxygen to the working muscles allowing for greater lactate clearance and quicker ATP resynthesis via the aerobic system. This allows for an athlete to perform at higher aerobic intensities for longer before fatiguing from accumulation of metabolic by-products.

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11
Q

Aerobic respiratory adaptations

A 
Increased lung volume/capacity
Increased pulmonary diffusion
Decreased ventilation at rest
Increased tidal volume
Increased ventilatory efficiency
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12
Q

How does increased lung capacity improve performance?

A

An increased lung capacity improves the body’s ability to move more oxygen into the bloodstream. This allows for greater delivery of oxygen to the working muscles allowing for greater lactate clearance and quicker ATP resynthesis via the aerobic system. This allows for an athlete to perform at higher aerobic intensities for longer before fatiguing from accumulation of metabolic by-products.

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13
Q

How does increased pulmonary diffusion improve performance?

A

An increase in pulmonary diffusion occurs due to increases in lung volume. The increase in lung capacity increases the number of alveolar capillaries in the lungs, therefore providing more sites for diffusion to occur at. A greater level of diffusion allows for more oxygen to be transported into the blood stream, increasing oxygenated blood flow to the working muscles

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14
Q

How does increased ventilatory efficiency improve performance?

A

Improved ventilatory efficiency refers to the muscles that assist with breathing needing less oxygen to work. This allows for more oxygenated blood to be sent to the working muscles, allowing for greater lactate clearance and quicker ATP resynthesis via the aerobic system. This allows for an athlete to perform at higher aerobic intensities for longer before fatiguing from accumulation of metabolic by-products.

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15
Q

Aerobic muscular adaptations

A

Increase in mitochondria size, number and surface area
Increase in glycogen stores
Increase in triglyceride stores
Increase in oxidative enzymes
Above 3 contribute to an increase in glycogen sparing
Increase in a-vo2 diff
Increase in aerobic capacity in slow-twitch fibres

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16
Q

How does increase in mitochondria size, number and surface area improve performance?

A

The increase in mitochondria allows for the capacity of a muscle to produce ATP aerobically to be enhance, allowing for a quicker rate of resynthesis. This faster rate of resynthesis allows for an athlete to perform at higher aerobic intensities for longer before fatiguing.

17
Q

How does an increase in glycogen stores improve performance?

A

Glycogen stores are able to fuel ATP resynthesis quicker, so an increase in those stores will allow for an athlete to perform at higher aerobic intensities for longer before slowing down.

18
Q

How does an increase in oxidative enzymes improve performance?

A

An increase in oxidative enzymes speeds up the rate of breakdown of fuels for the resynthesis of ATP. This allows for an athlete to perform at a higher intensity for longer.

19
Q

How does glycogen sparing improve performance?

A

Glycogen sparing means that free fatty acids/triglyceride stores are used first in an event, allowing for glycogen stores to be utilised later on. This allows for a quicker rate of resynthesis for longer in an event, improving performance.

20
Q

How does an increase in a-vo2 diff improved performance?

A

Increasing a-vo2 diff means more oxygen is extracted from the bloodstream for the muscles to use. This allows for greater lactate clearance and for ATP to be resynthesised at a faster rate aerobically, improving performance as the athlete can compete at higher intensities for longer.

21
Q

Oxidation of glycogen can increase from:

A
  • the increase of mitochondria
  • the increase in enzyme activity and concentration
  • the increase in muscle glycogen stores
22
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Hypertrophy refers to the growth in size of muscle cells

23
Q

What is the focus of anaerobic training?

A

Anaerobic training focuses on the development of the ATP-PC system and anaerobic glycolysis system

24
Q

How does anaerobic adaptations improve performance?

A

Anaerobic adaptations improve performance by improving the anaerobic capacity, strength power and speed of an athlete. They allows an athlete to use their anaerobic systems for longer, which have a faster rate of resynthesis, allowing for better performance.

25
Q

How does an increase in ATP and CP stores improve performance?

A

An increase of those stores increases the capacity of the ATP-PC system. This allows that system to be utilised for longer for energy production, meaning an athlete can resynthesise ATP at a faster rate, improving performance.

26
Q

How does an increase in ATPase improve performance?

A

An increase in ATPase increases the breakdown and resynthesis of ATP. This allows for quicker energy production anaerobically, allowing for an athlete to use their anaerobic systems for longer, improving performance.

27
Q

How does increase tolerance of metabolic by-products improve performance?

A

Increases the ability to continue at high intensities with metabolic by-products, allowing for an athlete to use their anaerobic systems for longer, improving performance.

28
Q

Anaerobic adaptations in fast twitch fibres

A

Increased ATP and CP stores
Increased glycogen stores
Increased ATPase
Increased tolerance of metabolic by-products

29
Q

Neural adaptations from strength training

A

Increased motor unit recruitment
Increased rate of motor unit activation
Increased recruitment of fast twitch fibres

30
Q

How does increased motor unit recruitment improve performance?

A

Increased motor unit recruitment increases force of contraction. This allows for an athlete to display greater speed/power/strength, improving performance

31
Q

How does increased fast twitch fibre recruitment improve performance?

A

Increased ftf recruitment improves performance by increasing the time for which maximal force can be applied. This allows for greater strength/speed/power, improving performance.

32
Q

Anaerobic adaptations that lead to an increased capacity of the ATP-CP system

A

Increased ATP and CP stores

Increased ATPase enzymes

33
Q

Anaerobic adaptations that lead to an increased capacity of the anaerobic glycolysis system

A

Increased glycogen stores
Increased glycogen enzymes
Increased tolerance to metabolic by-products

Physical Education (6 decks)

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