Chronic Cardiovascular Disease

Question 1

what is hypertension

Answer 1

raised blood pressure - systolic over 140 and diastolic over 90mmHg

Question 2

name four risk factors for hypertension

Answer 2

age, obesity, alcohol, stress

Question 3

what drugs put patients at risk of hypertension

Answer 3

NSAIDs, corticosteroids, OCP

Question 4

what are the two biggest risks of uncontrolled hypertension

Answer 4

cardiovascular disease or stroke

Question 5

name four types of drugs used to treat hypertension

Answer 5

thiazide diuretic
ACE inhibitors
Beta blockers
Calcium channel agonists

Question 6

what is heart failure

Answer 6

the output of the heart is unable to meet the demands of the tissues

Question 7

what is high output failure

Answer 7

the demands of the system have increased beyond the capacity of the pump

Question 8

what is low output failure

Answer 8

pump is failing and not strong enough to force blood around body

Question 9

name a cause of high output failure

Answer 9

anaemia

Question 10

name a cause of low output failure

Answer 10

cardiac defect
MI
valve disease

Question 11

name three types of drugs that can contribute to low output failure

Answer 11

beta blockers
Anticancer drugs
corticosteroids

Question 12

name three signs of left side heart failure

Answer 12

tachycardia
low BP
affects lungs

Question 13

name three signs of right side heart failure

Answer 13

swollen ankles
ascites
raised JV pressure

Question 14

what is used to treat acute heart failure

Answer 14

oxygen
morphine
frusemide
done in emergency care setting when patients find themselves short of breath

Question 15

what is used to treat chronic heart failure

Answer 15

treat the cause - hypertension, valve disease, anaemia

Question 16

what drugs are used as treatment in chronic heart failure

Answer 16

diuretics
ace inhibitors
nitrates
inotropes

Question 17

what is the action of diuretics

Answer 17

increases salt and water loss and reduce some of the fluid accumulating in lungs

Question 18

what is the action of ACE inhibitors

Answer 18

reduces salt/ water retention and reduce vascular restriction through renin-angiotensin II receptors

Question 19

what is the action of nitrates

Answer 19

reduce venous filling pressure - dilates major veins and reduces tendency for fluid to leak into tissues

Question 20

what is the action of inotropes

Answer 20

improves heart efficiency and controls electircal activity

Question 21

name an example of an inotrope

Answer 21

digoxin

Question 22

what two valves are most likely to be affected by disease

Answer 22

mitral and aortic

Question 23

what are valve leaflets attached to the heart wall by

Answer 23

papillary muscles - keeps valves closed during systole

Question 24

what would you immediately assume when a patient presents with a prosthetic heart valve

Answer 24

higher risk of endocarditis

Question 25

what is atrial fibrillation

Answer 25

electrical activity arising throughout the atria rather than just through the SAN making pulse irregularly irregular

Question 26

what is infective endocarditis

Answer 26

infection or inflammation of the endocardium - usually on the valves arising due to microbial colonisation of thrombi on the endocardial surfacce

Question 27

what bacteria is found in infective endocarditis

Answer 27

oral type streptococci or strep. viridans

Question 28

name four increased risk factors of infective endocarditis

Answer 28

old age previous experience of endocarditis prosthetic valve congenital heart disease

Question 29

name four symptoms of infective endocarditis

Answer 29

fever heart murmur septic complications skin manifestations

Question 30

what is the treatment for infective endocarditis

Answer 30

prolonged antibiotic treatment

Question 31

what are high risk procedures of infective endocarditis

Answer 31

procedures involving manipulation of the dento-gingival junction and cause bacteraemia (extractions, periodontal therapy, gingival surgery, implants)

Question 32

what is the antibiotic prophylaxis course for a patient at high risk of infective endocarditis undergoing a high risk procedure

Answer 32

3mg amoxicillin one hour before invasive dental procedure

Question 33

what is found in congenital heart disease

Answer 33

central cyanosis

Question 34

what is central cyanosis

Answer 34

poor oxygenation of the blood leading to mixing of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood where warm body tissues appear blue

Question 35

what is raynaud's disease

Answer 35

spasm of the blood vessels to peripheral tissues in cold circumstances and restricts blood flow to end of finger tip

Question 36

what is an atrial septal defect

Answer 36

hole between atria so there is mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

Question 37

what is patent ductus arteriosus

Answer 37

ductus closes when baby is born as the resistance is the ductus is greater than the resistance for passing blood to the lings endocarditis risk