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Gastrointestinal (equine) > Chronic colic and weight loss > Flashcards

Chronic colic and weight loss Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four mechanisms of weight loss?

A

reduced intake
reduced digestion/absorption/assimilation
increased losses
increased requirements

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2
Q

what are the main three causes of weight loss?

A

dental disease
parasitism
inadequate diet

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3
Q

what percentage bodyweight fibre should a horse be eating?

A

2.5%

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4
Q

what is chronic colic?

A

colic lasting more than 48 hours

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5
Q

what is recurrent colic?

A

short periods of colic that recur at variable intervals

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6
Q

what are the four types of causes of intestinal pain (colic)?

A

stretch
ischaemia
inflammation
muscle spasm

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7
Q

how localised is visceral pain?

A

not very (it is diffusely located)

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8
Q

what is the systematic approach to weight loss cases?

A

history/clinical examination
rectal exam
diet/competition
teeth
worming
faecal sand

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9
Q

what can be measured to assess presence of inflammatory processes?

A

white cell count
fibrinogen
globulins

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10
Q

what is assessed on clinical pathology to determine protein loss?

A

albumin

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11
Q

what causes verminous arteritis?

A

Strongylus vulgaris

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12
Q

where does Strongylus vulgaris migrate to?

A

mesenteric artery

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13
Q

what can mask decreased total protein?

A

concurrent dehydration

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14
Q

is hypoalbuminaemia more common from protein losing enteropathy or nephropathy?

A

protein losing enteropathy more common

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15
Q

why aren’t globulins lost as easily across the GI tract compared to albumin?

A

globulin are much bigger

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16
Q

how does chronic inflammatory disease effect globulin?

A

causes hyperglobulinaemia

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17
Q

what type of acute phase protein is albumin?

A

negative (goes down in response to inflammation) - production by liver is downregulated

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18
Q

what are the two main positive acute phase proteins?

A

fibrinogen
serum amyloid A

19
Q

what does a massive increase in monoclonal serum protein suggest? (a skyrocket)

A

tumours

20
Q

what should the appearance of peritoneal fluid be?

A

clear and light yellow

21
Q

what is diaphodesis?

A

migration of red blood cells from vessels into the peritoneal cavity

22
Q

what can neutrophils in peritoneal taps tell us about the peritonitis?

A

whether the peritonitis is septic or not

23
Q

how do neutrophils appear when there is a septic peritonitis?

A

large nucleus and possible intercytoplasmic bacteria
degenerate toxic neutrophils

24
Q

what is assessed when ultra sounding intestines?

A

wall thickness
lumen diameter
motility
anatomy

25
Q

what structures are visible on a right transabdominal ultrasound?

A

large intestine (caecum, right dorsal colon, right ventral colon)
liver
duodenum
right kidney

26
Q

which part of the colon does the caecum empty into first?

A

right ventral colon

27
Q

what structures are visible on a left transabdominal ultrasound?

A

spleen
left kidney
left ventral colon
stomach
small intestine

28
Q

how many intercostal spaces should the stomach take up?

A

no more than 5 (8th-13th)

29
Q

how thick is the wall of the stomach?

A

7-8mm

30
Q

why is the ventral abdomen a point of interest on ultrasound?

A

fluid will accumulate here

31
Q

what can be done to assess the function of the small intestine in regards to weight loss?

A

glucose absorption test

32
Q

what is normal for an oral glucose absorption test?

A

> 85% increase in blood glucose over 2 hours

33
Q

what is partial uptake for an oral glucose absorption test?

A

15-85% increase in blood glucose over 2 hours

34
Q

where are rectal biopsies of the mucosa taken from?

A

20-30cm within then a small mucosal sample taken around 4 or 8 o’clock

35
Q

do horses having a rectal biopsy need pain management?

A

no (no alpha fibres in rectum for local isn’t needed)

36
Q

what are the three categories of inflammatory/infiltrative bowel disease?

A

granulomatous enteritis
lymphocytic-plasmocytic enteritis
eosinophilic enteritis

37
Q

what does inflammatory/infiltrative bowel disease cause?

A

malabsorption and protein losing enteropathy

38
Q

what are some differentials for inflammatory bowel disease?

A

cyanthostominosis
mixed strongyle infection
idiopathic
neoplasia
lawsonia (3-11 month foals)

39
Q

how is multisystemic eosinophilic epitheliotrophic disease treated?

A

dexamethasone

40
Q

what is the most common neoplasia of the GI tract of horses?

A

lymphoma

41
Q

what paraneoplastic syndromes are associated with equine lymphoma?

A

hypercalcaemia
haemolytic anaemia
cachexia

42
Q

how is inflammatory bowel disease treated?

A

prednisolone
dexamethasone
(anthelmintics)

43
Q

what are the two categories of inflammatory bowel disease?

A

steroid responsive
non-steroid responsive

Gastrointestinal (equine) (12 decks)

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