Chronic Diseases (EXAM C) Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
What is osteoporosis?
A
- a condition in which bones become extremely thin and brittle, and break easily
- low bone mass and deterioration of bone structure
2
Q
Is osteoporosis a natural part of aging?
A
- no, but there is an increased risk for women, especially if they are post-menopausal, and over age 65
3
Q
What is osteoporosis often referred to as?
A
- the “silent disease”
4
Q
Why is osteoporosis referred to as the silent disease?
A
- bone loss occurs without symptoms
- first sign may be a fracture due to weakened bones or a sudden strain or bump can break a bone
5
Q
How can osteoporosis be diagnosed?
A
- DXA bone density scan
6
Q
How much of Canadas total healthcare budget is spent annually to treat aging bone loss?
A
- 2.3 billion dollars
- 1.3% of total dollars
7
Q
Which demographic experiences the highest rate of hip fractures?
A
- women who are 50 or older
- roughly $660 million dollars is spent on the demographic annually
8
Q
A woman’s hip fracture risk equals her combined risk of what?
A
- breast, uterine and ovarian cancer
9
Q
How many hospitalizations are there for hip fractures annually?
A
- 300 000
- recovery can take months or years
10
Q
How many people with a hip fracture end up in a nursing home?
A
- 1/5 people end up in a nursing home within a year
11
Q
Where are the most common breaks in weak bones?
A
- wrist
- spine
- hip
12
Q
What are some risk factors or “red flags” associated with osteoporosis?
A
- smoking
- being underweight
- if a relative has osteoporosis
- if you have broken a bone after 50
- if you drink lot
13
Q
How can you avoid or prevent osteoporosis?
A
- ensure you are getting enough calcium and vitamin D
- be physically active daily
- avoid smoking and excessive alcohol
- talk to your doctor about bone health
- have a bone density test and take medication when appropriate
14
Q
How much vitamin D do healthy adults under age 50 require?
A
- 200-1000 IU daily
15
Q
How much vitamin D should you have in a day if you are at risk for osteoporosis or older than 50?
A
- 800-2000 IU daily
16
Q
How much calcium do healthy adults under age 50 require?
A
- 400-1000mg
17
Q
How much calcium should you have in a day if you are older than 50?
A
- 1200mg
18
Q
What is cardiovascular disease? (CVD)
A
- the collective term for various diseases of the heart and blood vessels
19
Q
How many Canadians are affected by CVD?
A
- nearly 120 000 Canadian
20
Q
What is the most common life-threatening manifestation of CVD?
A
- heart attack and stroke
- claims one life every 7 minutes
- surpass cancer as the leading cause of death
21
Q
What is the number one killer of Canadian women?
A
- heart attack
22
Q
What are some major modifiable risk factors of cardio vascular disease?
A
- tobacco use
- hypertension
- high cholesterol
- physical inactivity
- obesity
- diabetes
23
Q
What is hypertension?
A
- sustained abnormally high blood pressure
24
Q
How many Canadians are living with hypertension?
A
- 5 million
- 40% of people don’t know
25
How does hypertension affect the body?
- increases CVD risk by 2-3x
| - too much force is exerted against arterial walls
26
What is the systolic and diastolic number that indicates prehypertension?
- systolic: 120-139
| - diastolic: 80-89
27
What is the systolic and diastolic number that indicates normal blood pressure?
- systolic: below 120
| - diastolic: below 80
28
What is the systolic and diastolic number that indicates hypertension stage 1?
- systolic: 140-159
| - diastolic: 90-99
29
What is the systolic and diastolic number that indicates hypertension stage 2?
- systolic: 160 and above
| - diastolic: 100 and above
30
What does a hypertensive heart look like?
- thickening in walls of ventricles
| - blood likely doesn't flow easily through the ventricles
31
What causes high blood pressure?
- atherosclerosis (arteries become clogged and narrowed)
- scarred and/or hardened arteries, accelerates plaque build-up
- weakened and enlarged heart
32
What are some health risks associated with high blood pressure?
- silent killer, strains, weakens, and enlarges the heart
- damages vital organs
- increases the risk of heart attack, congestive heart failure, stroke, kidney failure, and blindness
33
What are the two typed of hypertension?
- primary hypertension (genetics, environment, lifestyle)
| - secondary hypertension (underlying illness)
34
What is cholesterol?
- cholesterol is a fatty, wax-like substance that circulates through the bloodstream
35
Why is cholesterols important?
- cell membranes
- sex hormones
- vitamin D
- fluid that coats the lungs
- protective sheaths around nerves
36
What happens when you have excessive cholesterol?
- excessive cholesterol clogs the arteries and increases the risk of CVD
37
What is Low–density lipoproteins (LDL)?
- bad cholesterol
| - shuttle cholesterol from the liver to the organs and tissues
38
High-density lipoproteins (HDL)?
- good cholesterol
- shuttle unused cholesterol back to the liver for recycling
- if there is more than the body can use, it is deposited in the blood vessels.
39
Does being sedentary have effects on the body
- there's lots but
| - it increases your risk for cardiovascular disease
40
How does exercise lower the risk of cardio vascular disease?
- decreasing blood pressure and resting heart rate
- increasing HDL levels
- maintaining weight
- improving the condition of blood vessels
- helps prevent or control diabetes
41
What are some non-modifiable risk factors?
- Heredity (cholesterol levels, blood clotting and obesity)
- aging (over the age of 65)
- being male
42
What is the ratio of men affected to women affected by cardiovascular disease?
- more men than women die of heart disease and stroke
- 5(m) - 1(f) among 40-49 yr
- 1.2 - 1 among those aged 90 years and older
- inflammation and c-reactive protein
43
What is C-reactive protein?
- blood protein that responds to inflammation
- synthesized in liver
- individuals with elevated CRP levels are at greater risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension
44
What is angina?
- pain felt as an extreme tightness in the chest and heavy pressure behind the breastbone or in the shoulder, neck, arm, hand, or back
45
What is an arrhythmia?
- irregular heartbeat and sudden cardiac death
- if the electrical conduction system of the heart is disrupted, the heart may beat too quickly, too slowly, or in an irregular fashion.
46
What causes a heart attack?
- occurs when one or more of your coronary arteries become blocked
47
What are some heart attack symptoms?
```
- chest pain or pressure
arm, neck, shoulder, back or jaw pain
- difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
- excessive sweating; cool clammy skin
- nausea and vomiting
- loss of consciousness
- fear, anxiety, or denial
```
48
What is osteopenia?
- low bone mass
- -1SD
- essentially like pre-osteoperosis
49
What is the Myocardium?
- the muscular tissue of the heart
| -
50
What is myocardial infarction (MI)?
- a medical term for heart attack
51
What is angioplasty?
- surgical repair or unblocking of a blood vessel, especially a coronary artery
- involves temporarily inserting and inflating a tiny balloon where your artery is clogged
52
What is stenting?
- to help prop the artery open and decrease its chance of narrowing again
- permanent placement of a small wire mesh tube called a stent
53
What type of exercise is better for maintaining the elasticity of the arteries?
- aerobic
54
What causes a stroke?
- loss of blood supply or bleeding in the brain
55
What is an Ischemic stroke?
- blockage of a blood vessel that disrupts blood flow to the brain (87% of cases)
- stops the flow of oxygen and brain
- considered a mild traumatic brain injury
- effects may be slight or severe, temporary or permanent
56
What is a cerebral embolism?
- wandering blood clot (embolus) carried in bloodstream becomes wedged in a cerebral artery and can completely plug.
57
What is a hemorrhagic stroke?
- blood vessels rupture (13% of cases).
| - brain tissue begins to die if deprived of oxygen
58
What is an aneurysm?
- blood-filled pouch balloons out from a weak spot in the wall of an artery – may be result from head injury or bursting of an aneurysm
59
What are some risk factors for stroke?
- gender (lifetime risk of men is higher, but women die more often)
- age (risk doubles every decade after age 55)
- hypertension
- smoking
- high red blood cell count (thickens blood)
- blood fats (low HDL, high LDL)
- diabetes mellitus (type 2)
- heart disease (clots can travel)
60
How can you avoid a high red blood cell count?
- stay hydrated
| - drink some water you dumb bitch
61
What is diabetes?
- a chronic disease of elevated blood glucose (hyperglycaemia)
- associated with premature mortality.
- insulin resistance, can't use it effectively
62
What is hyperglycaemia?
- seriously damages many of the body’s systems, especially the blood vessels and nerves
63
What is type one diabetes?
- diabetes arises when the beta cells in the
pancreas fail to produce enough of the hormone
insulin
64
How many people in the world have type 2 diabetes?
- 90% of people with diabetes have type 2 diabetes
65
Interpretations of blood glucose levels
- slide 55, chronic diseases
66
What is hypoglycaemia?
- deficiency of glucose in the bloodstream
67
What are some consequences of diabetes?
- can lead to tissue loss
- kidneys, eyes, peripheral nerves and vascular tree manifest the most significant diabetic complications
- blood vessels in feet in the feet may cause tissues damage
68
BY 2025, how will Africa, the eastern mediterranean, the Middle East, and south-east Asia be affected?
- number of people with diabetes is expected to more than double in these countries
69
How many people in the world currently have diabetes world wide?
- currently more than 230 million people with diabetes worldwide
- estimated to increase to 350 million by 2025.
70
in 2003, what were the top five countries with the largest numbers of persons with diabetes?
- India (35.5 million)
- China (23.8 million)
- USA (16 million)
- Russia (9.7 million)
- Japan (6.7 million).
71
By 2025, the number of people with diabetes is expected to rise by ?% in Europe?
- 20%
72
By 2025, the number of people with diabetes is expected to rise by ?% in North America?
- 50%
73
By 2025, the number of people with diabetes is expected to rise by ?% in the western pacific?
- 75%
74
By 2025, the number of people with diabetes is expected to rise by ?% south and Central America?
- 85%
75
How will developing countries be affected by the diabetes epidemic?
- there will be a projected increase of a 170% of cases
76
How many healthcare dollars are used on diabetes annually?
- at least $153 billion
| - accounts for between 5% and 10% of total healthcare, and up to 25% in some countries
77
If predictions of diabetes prevalence are fulfilled, total direct healthcare expenditure on diabetes worldwide will be ...?
- between $213-$396 billion in 2025.
78
What are some risk factors for type 2 diabetes?
- physical inactivity
- overweight and obesity
- age
- family history
- urbanisation
- environment
- high-fat and low-fibre diet
- low birth weight
79
What is insulin resistance?
- a state in which a given level of insulin produces a less than expected biological effect
- underlying feature of both the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes
80
What are some associated risk factors with insulin resistance?
- increased risk of cardiovascular disease and are often present before the onset of type 2 diabetes
81
What is the link between obesity and insulin resistance?
- appears that excess fat increases insulin resistance, raising blood glucose levels and the likelihood of developing diabetes
- causally linked
82
What is the purpose of glucose entering your muscle cells?
- creating ATP
83
Is cancer the leading cause of death?
- no, it is second to heart disease
84
What is the ratio of cancer deaths in Canada?
- responsible for one in four deaths
85
How many cancer related deaths are there each year in Canada?
- 73,500 deaths annually
86
How many people are diagnosed with cancer each day?
- 476 diagnoses each day
87
What is cancer?
- an abnormal and uncontrolled multiplication of cells that can lead to death
- cells may also spread to other parts of the body via the bloodstream or lymphatic system (malignant)
88
What is a tumour?
- a mass of tissue that serves no physiological purpose
89
What is the benign tumour?
- a mass of cells enclosed in a membrane that prevents their penetration of other tissues
- non-cancerous, non-spreading, slightly abnormal, not life-threatening
90
What is a malignant tumour?
- has the ability to invade surrounding tissues
- cancerous, capable of spreading
- infiltration or invasion
91
How does cancer begin?
- every case of cancer begins as a change in a cell that allows it to grow and divide when it should not
92
What is the difference between cancer cells and your bodies normal cells?
- cancer cells have larger nuclei, vary in size/shape, divide more often
93
What is step one in tumour development?
- development begins when a cell sustains a genetic mutation that increases its propensity to divide when it would normally rest
94
What is step two in tumour development?
- the altered cell and its descendants continue to look normal but to reproduce too much (hyperplasia)
- after years, one in a million of these altered cells suffers another mutation that further loosens controls on cell growth
95
What is step three in tumour development?
- the descendants of this cell appear abnormal in shape
- the tissue is now said to exhibit dysplasia
- after time, a rare mutation that alters cell's behaviour occurs
96
What is step four in tumour development?
- becomes more abnormal in growth and appearance
| - if it has not broken through tissue, it is know as in situ cancer
97
What is step five in tumour development?
- if genetic changes allow the tumour to begin invading underlying tissue and she cells into the blood or lymph, the mass is then considered malignant
- these cells can now establish new tumours throughout the body
98
What is hyperplasia?
- enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the reproduction rate of its cells
99
What is dysplasia?
- the presence of cells of an abnormal type within a tissue
| - he abnormal growth or development of a tissue or organ
100
What is in situ cancer?
- pre-cancer that hasn't penetrated basement membrane
| - MD will remove to prevent tumour growth and spread
101
What is invasive cancer?
- without treatment, cancer cells continue to grow, replacing healthy cells
102
What is metastasizing?
- the spreading of cancer cells from one part of the body to another
- the traveling and seeding process of cancerous cells
103
What are primary tumours?
- the original location of cancer
- attaches to a blood vessel or lymph node
- they can then pass through the lining of the lymph or blood vessel
104
What are secondary tumours?
- new tumours resulting from metastases
105
What is stage 0 cancer?
- early cancer that is present only in the layer of cells where it originated
106
What is stage 1-3 cancer?
- more extensive cancer
- greater tumour size
- cancer has potentially spread to near by lymph nodes or organs adjacent to the primary tumour
107
What is stage 4 cancer?
- advanced cancer the has spread to another organ
| - aka you're probably going to fucking die homie
108
How are types of cancers identified?
- classified according to types of cells that give rise to them
109
What is carcinoma cancer?
- starts in the epithelium (tissue that lines the outer surfaces of organs and blood vessels throughout the body)
- most common – skin, breast, uterus, prostate, lungs, GI, etc.
110
What is sarcoma cancer?
- form in the supporting or connective tissues of the body
| - bones, muscle, blood vessels
111
What is leukaemia?
- begins in the blood-forming tissues/cells
| - bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen
112
What s lymphoma?
- arise in the cells of the lymph system (lymph nodes) - part of body’s infection-fighting system
113
What are some causes of cancer?
- inactivity and obesity
| - carcinogens in the environment
114
How does inactivity and obesity potentially cause cancer?
- maintain a healthy weight by balancing caloric intake with physical activity can be a preventative
115
How does carcinogens in the environment potentially cause cancer?
- microbes
- ingested chemicals
- environmental and industrial pollution
- radiation
116
What are the seven major warning signs of cancer?
| CAUTION
1. Change in bowel or bladder habits
2. A sore that does not heal
3. Unusual bleeding or discharge
4. Thickening or lumps in the breast or else where
5. Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
6. Obvious change in wart of mole
7. Nagging cough or hoarseness
