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ARP Ordination > Church History | People, Places, Events > Flashcards

Church History | People, Places, Events Flashcards

The ARP ordination exam asks examinees to demonstrate a working knowledge of church history. These cards help with the identification of persons, places, events or history. These questions are only a representation of the types of questions that will be asked of examinees.

1
Q

Apostolic fathers

A

Include, among others Clement of Rome, writings of Didache, Ignatius, Polycarp, Papias, and Shepherd of Hermas

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2
Q

Justin Martyr

A
  • One of the “apologists”
    Wrote two defenses of the faith
  • # 1: defended Christ’s divinity and gave insight into Lord’s Day observance
  • # 2: faith and reason stand hand-in-hand; reason can lead one to God
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3
Q

Irenaeus

A
  • AD 130-202 (martyr)
  • Earliest of Christian writing
  • Disciple of Polycarp
  • Work, Against Heresies, refutes Gnosticism
  • Grand vision of history, so that the divine purposes unfold through it
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4
Q

Montanists

A
  • Movement begun by Montanus, former pagan priest who professed Christian faith
  • Claimed to have received direct revelation from the Holy Spirit which conferred gift of prophecy
  • Insisted God spoke through him
  • Recruited disciples including two women who left their husbands, Priscilla and Maximilla
  • Tertullian embraced later
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5
Q

Early persecution

A
  • Can be divided into two periods: Roman - Neronian (AD 64), Domitian (AD 95-160); General Decius (AD 250-253), Valerian (AD 257), and Diocletian (AD 303)
  • Earliest records from 2nd century, eg. Acts of the Martyrs
  • Christianity considered an illegal religion, those who recanted and pledged fielty to the emperor were released, those who would not were often killed
  • Church enjoyed peace then persecution under Diocletian (4th century), esp. after burning of imperial palace was blamed on them
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6
Q

Marcion

A
  • Developed understanding of Christianity that was both anti-Jewish and anti-material
  • Founded his own church
  • God and Father of Jesus not the same as Yahweh
  • Developed an early canon of Scripture that removed many OT references found in the NT
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7
Q

Tertullian

A
  • Native (perhaps) of Carthage
  • Early defender of Christianity
  • Provided the Trinitarian formulation: “one substance and three persons”
  • Spoke of Christ as one person, two substances, or natures
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8
Q

Rise of episcopacy

A
  • Monarchical bishops: chief elder
  • Metropolitan bishops: chief elder in capital city regarded as head of the entire church in that province
  • Patriarchal bishops: in five cities, metro bishop became patriarchal bishop: Antioch, Alexandria, Rome, Constantinople, and Jerusalem
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9
Q

Cyprian

A
  • Bishop of Carthage shortly after conversion (40YO)
  • Fled Roman persecution under Decius with other church leaders for protection
  • “Outside the Church there is no salvation”
  • “No one can have God as Father who does not have the church as mother”
  • Believed strongly in the unity of the church
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10
Q

Origen

A
  • AD 185-254
  • Greatest disciple of Clement of Alexandria
  • First serious student of OT
  • Developed Hexapla; parallel Bible w/ Hebrew, Greek, LXX
  • Viewed Father as eternally begetting the Son; the difference between the Creator and the creature is so greate that it was not appropriate for the Father to create directly, and needed an intermediary, thus the Son was generated
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11
Q

Arius

A
  • Presbyter in church in Alexandria
  • Disciple of Lucian, a disciple of Paul of Samosata
  • Taught the Logos of God dwelt in Jesus as in Moses and prophets, but in larger measure
  • Adoptionism; after crucifixion and resurrection made sort of deity
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12
Q

Conciliarism

A

a

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13
Q

Nicea

A
  • AD 325
  • Church council called by Constantine to quell unrest in the empire
  • Dealt with Arianism
  • Three groups represented; Small following for Arius and Alexander; Athanasius most influential and orthodoxy won the day
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14
Q

Athanasius

A
  • AD 300-373
  • Bishop of Alexandria
  • Wrote “On the Incarnation”
  • AD 325 led opposition to Arius
  • AD 367 compiled collection of NT
  • Greatest theologian between Origen and Augustine
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15
Q

Chalcedon

A
  • AD 451
  • Based on christology of Leo
  • Christ has two complete natures: one human, one divine; united in one person
  • Union of natures is unmixed, unchanged; undivided, inseparable
  • Confessed the full divinity and full humanity of Christ
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16
Q

Monasticism

A
  • In early Christian life, separation from worldly influence became an ideal
  • Many leaders adopted a lifestyle of asceticism
  • Gradually developed into cloisters for both men and women
  • Fasting, prayer, and alms-giving central disciplines
  • Benedict of Nursia and Gregory the Great two leading figures
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17
Q

Constantine

A
  • Ended severe persecution of Christians in AD 313 (Edict of Milan)
  • Became emperor in AD 312
  • Convened the Council of Nicea
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18
Q

Augustine

A

a

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19
Q

Pelagius

A

a

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20
Q

Leo (I) the Great

A
  • Called first “pope” in the modern sense
  • Bishop of Rome
  • Wrote “Tome”
  • Developed western understanding of the two natures of Christ at Chalcedon (451): divine and human; unmixed, undivided
  • Convinced Jesus made Peter and his successors the rock on which the church was to be built
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21
Q

Gregory the Great

A
  • b. AD 540
  • Pope in Rome during time of Justinian
  • A constant preacher
  • Organized help for the poor
  • Prolific writer relying heavily on Augustine
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22
Q

Mohammedanism

A
  • AD 600
  • Muhamed claimed to receive revelation from the angel Gabriel on flight from Mecca
  • Five Pillars: recite al-shabat; pray to Mecca 5x daily; give alms; fast during Ramadan; perform the haj
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23
Q

Charlemagne

A
  • Crowned by Leo III (AD 800)
  • King Charles of the Franks
  • The rebirth of the Roman Empire
  • A patron of learning; revived and reformed the schools
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24
Q

Hildebrand

A
  • Became Pope Gregory VII
  • A reforming pope
  • Dreamed of a world united under the papacy
  • Declared Bible should not be translated into vulgar languages
  • Insisted on celibacy for all clergy
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25
Q

Scholasticism

A
  • A theological approach which seeks to apply reason to questions of faith
  • Anselm of Canterbury applied to the existence of God and the incarnation of Christ
  • Peter Abelard (b. 1079); book Yes And No took up 158 theological questions and we must find ways reconcile contradictory authorities
  • Peter Lombard wrote Four Books of Sentences, a systematic treatment of the main themes of Christian theology
  • Thomas Aquinas
  • Growth of universities and introduction of Aristotelian philosophy
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26
Q

Anselm

A
  • Scholastic theologian who distrusted the senses and sought to rely on reason to answer questions of faith
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27
Q

Abelard

A
  • Scholastic theologian
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28
Q

Aquinas

A
  • Most significant scholastic theologian
  • Doctor of the RCC
  • Supported and defended 7 sacraments of Rome including the Roman Mass
  • Writer of summa theologica
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29
Q

4th Lateran Council

A
  • AD 1215
  • Proclaimed the doctrine of transubstantiation
  • Created the Holy Office of the Inquisition, spurring a crusade against heretics
  • Condemned Waldensians, the Albigensians, and the doctrines of Joachim of Fiore
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30
Q

Babylonian Captivity

A
  • The period during which popes resided in Avignon, France

- Not only absent from Rome, but acted as surrogates for French policy

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31
Q

Wycliffe

A
  • ca. AD 1324-1384
  • An early Reformer who wrote against papal abuses
  • Taught Jesus is the only Lord, and the church’s authority is only spiritual
  • Taught Scripture is the ultimate authority
  • Taught on the distinction between the visible and invisible church
  • Taught three divisions in the invisible church: triumphant, militant, sleeping (in Purgatory)
  • Condemned by the Council of Constance (AD 1414-1418)
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32
Q

Renaissance

A
  • A period of time (~ AD 1300) in which there was an upsurge of interest in pre-medieval learning
  • The motto was ad fontes, or “to the sources”
  • Marked by a rise in arts and academics
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33
Q

Reformation

A

a

34
Q

Anabaptists

A
  • Menno Simons (AD 1496-1561); mennonites
  • A splinter Swiss Reform movement
  • Termed “Anabaptists” by Zwingli
  • Known for extreme literal interpretation of Scripture
  • Christ had one nature, not two, thus Christ died in his divinity as well as his humanity
  • Only believers to receive baptism; since infants cannot be born again, they should not be baptized
35
Q

Counter Reformation

A
  • Primarily represented in the Council of Trent (AD 1545-1563)
  • Paul III the presiding pope
  • Declared Vulgate to be authoritative
  • Tradition has authority parallel to Scripture
  • Seven sacraments
  • Mass a true sacrifice to be offered for the benefit of the deceased
  • Justification based on good works done in collaboration with grace
36
Q

Anglicanism

A
  • Anglicanism is the denomination of the Church of England
  • Its central beliefs are defined by the 39 articles which Westminster sought to modify at its assembly (1643 ff)
  • It seeks to achieve a “middle way” (via media) between Catholicism and Protestantism
  • Although rejecting the Catholic Mass, Anglicanism retains a highly liturgical form of worship
  • Retains the episcopate form of church government
  • Devised the Book of Common Prayer which is still in use today
37
Q

John Knox

A
  • AD 1524-72
  • Considered the father of Presbyterianism
  • Once a Catholic priest
  • Introduced to Reformed faith by George Wishart
  • Found a home in England under Edward VI but fled to Geneva and Calvin when Mary ascended the throne
  • After return, led the revolt against catholicism in Scotland with Scotland ultimately ending all catholic jurisdiction there
38
Q

Arminianism

A

a

39
Q

Each Name: Associate, Reformed, Presbyterian

A

Covenanters who moved to America formed the Reformed Presbyterian Church in 1798. Seceders formed the Associate Presbytery with Ebenezer Erskine and were active in sending missionaries to America. In 1782, the Associate Presbyterians merged with some of the Reformed Presbyterians to form the ARP.

40
Q

National covenant

A
  • AD 1638
  • National Covenant, solemn agreement inaugurated by Scottish churchmen on Feb. 28, 1638, in the Greyfriars’ churchyard, Edinburgh
  • composed of the King’s Confession (1581), additional statements by Alexander Henderson (a leader in the Church of Scotland), and an oath
  • The covenant reaffirmed Reformed faith and Presbyterian discipline and denounced the attempted changes, but it also urged loyalty to the king. It was signed by many Scotsmen
41
Q

John McMillan

A

The first Covenanter minister

In 1743, with new minister Thomas Nairn, formed Reformed Presbyterian Church

42
Q

John Cuthbertson

A

Supply preacher from the Reformed Presbytery of Scotland who ministered to the American Covenanter churches until they formed a denomination.

43
Q

Gairney Bridge

A
  • Having been excommunicated from the Church of Scotland Ebenezer Erskine, William Wilson, Alexander Moncrieff, and James Fisher agreed to meet on 12/5/1733 at Gairney Bridge where they constituted the Associate Presbytery.
44
Q

Ebenezer Erskine

A

Assisted Seceders in Scotland to form the Associate Presbytery, independent of the state church.

45
Q

Gellatly and Arnot

A

Alexander Gellatly and Andrew Arnot were sent out as missionaries by the Associate Presbyter of Scotland in 1753. In America, they formed the Associate Presbytery of Pennsylvania.

46
Q

Synod of the A.R. Church in NA, 1782

A

On 6/13/1782, the Associate Presbytery of Pennsylvania adopted the plan of union with the Covenanters, or Reformed Presbytery. The AR Synod was formed 11/1/1782 between Associate Presbytery of Pennsylvania, Associate Presbytery of New York, and Reformed Presbytery. John Mason moderator

47
Q

Synod of the South (1803 and 1822)

A

The Associate Reformed Presbytery of the Carolinas and Georgia was formed in Abbeville County, S.C., followed some twenty years later (1803) by the division of the entire church into four Synods and one General Synod. Synod of Carolinas withdrew from the Associate Reformed Synod in 1822.

48
Q

Protestant Orthodoxy

A

a

49
Q

Westminster Assembly

A

a

50
Q

Puritanism

A

a

51
Q

Jonathan Edwards

A

a

52
Q

Francis Makemie

A

Presbyterian minister in the early American colonies who led in the devwlopmwnt of the first American presbytery (1706). He was an Irish clergyman and considered to be the founder of Presbyterianism in America.

53
Q

Subscriptionism

A

a

54
Q

Pietism

A

a

55
Q

John Wesley

A

a

56
Q

George Whitfield

A

a

57
Q

Gilbert Tennent

A

a

58
Q

Romanticism

A

a

59
Q

Unitarianism

A

a

60
Q

Transcendentalism

A

a

61
Q

William Carey

A

a

62
Q

William Wilberforce

A

a

63
Q

Abolitionism

A

a

64
Q

William Booth

A

a

65
Q

Revivalism

A

a

66
Q

Charles G. Finney

A

a

67
Q

Mercersburg

A

a

68
Q

Charles Hodge

A

a

69
Q

Horace Bushnell

A

a

70
Q

Modernism

A

a

71
Q

Fundamentalism

A

a

72
Q

Albert Schweitzer

A

a

73
Q

Social Gospel

A

a

74
Q

Ecumenism

A

a

75
Q

Pentecostalism

A

a

76
Q

Holiness movement

A

a

77
Q

Charismatic movement

A

a

78
Q

Adopting Act

A

Relates to the requirement of subscription. Act adopted in 1729 at the Synod of Philadelphia - ministers agreed the Westminster Standards were a faithful expression of the Reformed faith. Some take as requiring strict subscription to the Standards with the exception of the power of the civil magistrate.

79
Q

Solemn League & Covenant

A
  • AD 1643
  • agreement between the English and Scots by which the Scots agreed to support the English Parliamentarians in their disputes with the royalists and both countries pledged to work for a civil and religious union of England, Scotland, and Ireland under a presbyterian–parliamentary system; it was accepted by the Church of Scotland (Aug. 17, 1643) and by the English Parliament and the Westminster Assembly (Sept. 25, 1643)
  • Written by Alexander Henderson, the covenant was considered primarily a civil agreement by the English Parliamentarians, who needed military allies, but the Scots considered it a guarantee of their religious system
80
Q

Seven Ecumenical Councils

A
  1. Nicaea (AD 325) - Declared the Son homoousios with the Father
  2. Constantinople (AD 381) - Confirmed Nicaea and concluded the Arian controversy
  3. Ephesus (AD 431) - Rejected Nestorius and endorsed the Alexandrian view of the relationship between the two natures of Christ
  4. Chalcedon (AD 451) - Completed discussion on the relationship between the two natures of Christ with the words unmixed, unchanged; unseparated, undivided.
  5. Constantinople (AD 553) - Rejected three prominent Antiochian theologian (the “Three Chapters”), and thereby endorsed the Cyrillian understanding of Chalcedon
  6. Constantinople (AD 680-681) - Accepted two wills in Christ
  7. Nicaea (787) - Declared the reverencing of pictures and images of divine realities legitimate

ARP Ordination (3 decks)

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