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Germany > Churches > Flashcards

Churches Flashcards

1
Q

What was the population of Germany before 1933

A

Approximately 60 million

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2
Q

How many Catholics made up that number?

A

22 million

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3
Q

How many protestants made up that number?

A

45 million

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4
Q

Which parties regularly received about one-fifth of the vote during the years of Weimar?

A

Zentrum and Bavarians peoples party

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5
Q

What party was the Catholic party?

A

Zentrum

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6
Q

Who in nazi Germany was born a catholic?

A

Hitler was baptized and confirmed as a Catholic.

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7
Q

Who said “the churches’ overall response to National Socialism was timid and half-hearted, helping to erode their influence over society”

A

Wilt

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8
Q

What does J.R.C Wright say the purpose of the church was?

A

“the purpose of the Church opposition was self-defence, not a wider political opposition”

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9
Q

Hitler realised it would be even harder to exercise control over the Catholic Church, so instead he looked for an agreement to gain its support. However, relations between the Catholic Church and the Nazi regime have been described as what?

A

a state of simmering tension within a war of attrition.

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10
Q

When did the Vatican sign a concordant with the Nazis?

A

July 1933

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11
Q

The Vatican recognised the new regime and promised that the Church would not interfere in politics in return for what?

A
  • The Catholic Church was guaranteed religious freedom and the right to conduct its affairs without interference from the state e.g., could continue to make its own appointments without political interference.
  • The Church continued to have a role in education e.g., church schools.
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12
Q

The Concordat had the effect of what?

A

undermining support for the Centre Party It quickly became obvious that Hitler had no intention of respecting the Concordat.

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13
Q

How many children (%) had attended church school in 1935, compared to How many children (%) had attended church school in 1937?

A

65%- 1935

5%-1937

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14
Q

In 1937 how many Christians left the church?

A

Over 100,000

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15
Q

How many people were a member of the neopagan movement, rejecting what they called the “Germanys religious Versailles” in 1939?

A

3.5 million

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16
Q

Describe Piux XII and why he was seen to be the Nazi pope?

A

played a major part in negotiating the Concordat in 1933. but did not openly condemn Nazism, only communism. silent on anti-Semitism, and he refused to excommunicate Catholics participating in genocide. He was criticised for failing to take a stand against Nazism but defended his approach on tactical grounds

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17
Q

November 1936- After a long meeting with Hitler the Catholic Archbishop of Munich- Cardinal Faulhaber, was left convinced that Hitler was?

A

“undoubtedly lives in the belief of God” and “recognises that Christianity is the builder of the western culture”.

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18
Q

1939 November- what does the archbishop of munich order?

A

orders a special service to celebrate Hitler’s survival of an assassination attempt

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19
Q

Fear and intimidation – if you stood out of line you would be targeted like the communists- fear made them cooperate as to “defy him (Hitler) was to court death” who said this

A

Paul Maracin

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20
Q

how many priests were accused of sexual and financial misbehaviour and show trials meant numerous monasteries were closed.

A

over 200 priests- held fabricated trials to try and undermine them in the eyes of the people,

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21
Q

What percentage the Catholic clergy are estimated to have been harassed in some way, but how many Catholic bishop was expelled and imprisoned for a long period.

A

1/3 to ½

Only 1

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22
Q

When were Christmas carols and nativity plays were banned from schools Crucifixes were removed from classrooms (suspended in the face of opposition).

A

1937

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23
Q

What percentage of people joined the Nazi faith movement?

A

5%

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24
Q

In 1936 who thanks the Führer for remilitarising the Rhineland, and asks God to bless his endeavours.-

A

Galen, Bishop of Münster,

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25
Q

What was the natural voting choice for most Catholics before it was abolished?

A

Zentrum

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26
Q

In Bavaria people continued to use the traditional greeting ‘Gruss Gott’ (God greet you) rather than the officially approved ‘Heil Hitler’, and what was flown at feast days?

A

Bavarian blue-and-white flags rather than swastikas were flown on feast days.

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27
Q

In 1937 the Pope issued the encyclical ‘with burning anxiety’. What did it complain about

A

It complained about the governments breaking of the Concordat, the harassment of priests and Nazi idolatry (worship) of the state and race

28
Q

The text was smuggled into Germany and read out from pulpits on Palm Sunday in March 1937. How many were smuggled into Germany?

A

over 250,000 were smuggled into Germany.

29
Q

1941 December who publicly protests euthanasia. No action is taken against him, but in Lübeck three priests who had circulated his text to soldiers were excuted.

A

Bishop Galen

30
Q

Name 2 things bishop Galen protested about?

A

Galen also protested at the closure of Catholic churches and monasteries.
Euthanasia

31
Q

What was Bishop Galins nickname and why was he so effective?

A

“Lion of Munster” Galen has been described as the only effective protester in the Third Reich as he couldn’t be touched by the Nazis.

32
Q

What did a police report in Bavaria in 1939 say

A

“Catholic churchgoing, participation in various events such as processions… remain strong…The mood is directed less against the State and more against the party.”

33
Q

1The government gave support to a growing movement among Protestants what was it called and what did they want to do?,

A

German Christians (Deutsche Christen). They wanted to imbue Christianity with the spirit of Nazism. calling Hitler the ‘Führer Jesus’ and ‘God’s agent in our day’

34
Q

What did the Nazis do to the bible?

A

Remove all Jewish elements of bible.

35
Q

In August 1933 two-thirds of those attending the Prussian synod wore what?

A

Nazi uniforms

36
Q

Hitler combined how many protestant church under the new Reich church. Ludwig Müller, Hitler’s adviser on Protestant church affairs, was elected to the new post of Reich Bishop in July 1933.

A

28 churches

37
Q

In December 1941 why did the churches approve on the Nazis attacking USSR.

A

New churches had a few fears of bolshevism ingrained in most Christian denominations, violence associated with communism and the Russian Orthodox Church was first to be taken out in Russia.

38
Q

During the Third Reich an estimated how many of 17,000 Protestant pastors were arrested?

A

800

39
Q

How many were given major prison sentence?

A

Only 50

40
Q

Why did many people felt it was their duty support the government?

A

particularly after the wall street crash and economic troubles no matter what the government was it was their religious duty.

41
Q

The church had tradition of anti-Semitism so they were responsibly comfortable with some of Nazis policies as it was rooted in religion?- who in religion was a massive antisemitist

A

Martin Luther

42
Q

In 1934 the Confessional Church broke away from the Reich Church. It was not based on opposition to Nazism as such, but it was concerned to defend the Protestant Church against state interference and the false theology of the German Christians how many pastors were involved?

A

5,000

43
Q

Who did Hitler increasingly distance himself with in the churches?

A

Reich bishop Muller

44
Q

The attempt to create a more nazified, unified Protestant Church had failed. Instead, what had the nazis really done?

A

there were now three groups within Protestantism: the official Reich Church, the German Christians trying to control it, and the opposition Confessional Church.

45
Q

Some of the German Christians’ actions, such what increased public outcry?

A

requiring pastors to take an oath of loyalty to Hitler, and the arrest of two Protestant bishops increased the public outcry.

46
Q

1935- 700 Prussian Protestant pastors (ministers) are arrested what?

A

for condemning Nazi neo-paganism (a new form of the ‘old religion’ based on Nordic mythology)

47
Q

Who lead the confessional church?

A

Niemoller

48
Q

Bonhoeffer joined the confessional church in 1935-why is this significant?

A
  • In February 1933 he had broadcast a critique of the Führerprinzip which he openly regarded as hostile to Christianity.
  • He taught trainee pastors and encouraged them to resist Nazism; he also tried to get the Confessional Church to condemn the Nuremberg Laws.
  • He worked with the underground and in 1942 met Bishop Bell, a British intermediary, in Sweden.
49
Q

What was the Pastors emergency league set up?

A

Martin Niemoller and his Pastors’ Emergency League (PEL). The PEL was set up in 1933 to oppose Nazi interference with the Church system. They were against bringing all churches in Germany together under the ‘Reich Church’ and wanted to allow Jews to convert to Christianity if they wished
Who was linked to Hitler assassination attempt and died in 1945 Protestant pastor, Dietrich Bonhöffer, was linked to an assassination attempt against Hitler and was executed in 1945

50
Q

In Dachau what was set up to hold priests and pastors- how many were contained there?

A

its own ‘Priests Block’ to hold members of the clergy. Around 400 priests were sent there in total.

51
Q

Why did the Jehovah’s Witnesses write to Hitler 1933

A

To offer assurances that they wouldn’t be a problem and would work alongside him and be loyal to the Nazis. Out of self-preservation mostly

52
Q

How many Jehovahs witnesses were there in 1933?

A

15-20,000 start of 1933

53
Q

How did the Nazis harass the Jehovah’s witnesses?

A

The Nazis harassed Jehovah’s Witnesses by breaking up their meetings, ransacking their offices and banning their publications. If they refused to fight, work in war industry, or show obedience to regime they were arrested and often sent to concentration camps.

54
Q

How did the Nazis identify Jehovah’s witnesses?

A

Here they were forced to wear a purple triangle to identify as a Jehovah’s Witness in concentration camp.

55
Q

What did Jehovahs witnesses need to change there name to to make them easily recognisable?

A

Sarah or Israel

56
Q

What campaign set up by the Nazis encouraged people to leave there churches?

A

Church succession campaign

57
Q

By 1945 what percentage of Jehovah’s witnesses were dead

A

25%

58
Q

Between 1938-1945 how many Jehovahs witnesses were in camps?

A

10,000 had the option to escape but didn’t take it.

59
Q

Jehovah’s Witnesses refused to accept the Nazis total power, believing what?

A

that they were first answerable to God.

60
Q

Give examples of Jehovahs witnesses resistance?

A

Jehovah’s Witnesses refused to give the ‘Heil Hitler’ salute when requested. This resistance to Hitler and the Nazis was an outright violation by a German citizen and was not accepted.
Jehovah’s Witnesses were persecuted was their commitment to peace, and in turn, opposition to war. Despite conscription being introduced in 1935, many Jehovah’s Witnesses refused to fight or work in war-related industries, which became an ever-increasing problem as Germany focused on rearmament.
Don’t believe in symbols- wouldn’t cooperate with the Nazis swastika.

61
Q

What does Noakes and Pridham say about the churches?, -

A

“The churches were the only institutions which both had an alternative ‘ideology’ to that of the regime and were permitted to retain their own organisational autonomy.”

62
Q

Who said “mixture of institutional self-interest, agreement with certain aspects of Nazi policy and yet also principled opposition was to be found in the German churches”

A

R. Geary

63
Q

What did wilt say about opposition from the churches?

A

“Whatever the reason, the churches’ overall response to National Socialism was timid and half-hearted, and helped erode their influence on German life.”

64
Q

Who said ““the purpose of the Church opposition was self-defence, not a wider political opposition; the Churches . . . frequently affirmed their loyalty to the state and the Führer.”

A

Wright

65
Q

What does Housden say about churches?

A

“The churches’ opposition was ‘issue driven’ rather than rooted in a coherent, politically active anti-Nazi morality.”

66
Q

What does Noakes say about the obstacles facing the church/ government?

A

“their churches were still keeping their ideology therefore proved an obstacle for Nazis”

Germany (14 decks)

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