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Histology - Sarah > Ciculatory System > Flashcards

Ciculatory System Flashcards

1
Q

Component of circulatory system

A

heart, blood vessels, lymphatic system

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2
Q

Components of blood vessels

A

Tunica intima, Tunica media, Tunica adventitia

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3
Q

small vessels branching off of large vessels

A

vasa vasorum

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4
Q

True or false: Arteries have more vaso vasorum

A

False. Veins have more vaso vasorum. (I assume veins are being compared to arteries on this slide)

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5
Q

True or false: Vaso vasorum branch though the tunica adventitia and outer part of the tunica media.

A

True

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6
Q

Lymphatic vessels and nerves in the tunica adventitia or larger vessels

A

nervi vascularis

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7
Q

Tunica intima

A

endothelium and underlying subendothelial connective tissue. Includes internal elastic lamina in larger vessels

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8
Q

Tunica media

A

primarily smooth muscle cells and also external elastic lamina where present

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9
Q

Tunica adventitia

A

fibroelastic connective tissue (dense irregular CT with small amounts of elastic fibers)

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10
Q

Classification of arteries

A

large/elastic, medium/muscular, and small/arterioles

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11
Q

Elastic arteries

Examples?

A

(Conducting arteries)Conduct blood to muscular arteries.

Aorta, pulmonary, brachiocephalic, common carotid, subclavian, and common iliac arteries

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12
Q

Elastic fibers of _____ form an _____. It is a subendothelial layer of _____ that contains ____ and elastic fibers and ___.

A 
tunica intima,
incomplete internal elastic lamina,
loose connective tissue,
collagen, fibroblasts
(Slide is not easy to understand)
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13
Q

There is a ___ layer of ____ _______ elastic sheets in the tunica media of large arteries.

A

thick,
40-70,
concentric
(Slide was not easy to understand)

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14
Q

In large arteries, the tunica adventitia is ___ with elastic and collagen fibers.

A

Thin. (slide kind of hard to understand)

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15
Q

Muscular arteries (function)

A

Deliver blood to organs (Distributing) (0.5mm-1cm)

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16
Q

Muscular arteries have a tunica intima that is ___ than that of elastic arteries with a well-developed _______. Subendothelial connective tissue lacks _____.

A

thinner,
internal elastic lamina,
smooth muscle cells

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17
Q

The tunica media of muscular arteries has up to 40 circular layers of ____ interspersed with _____.

A

smooth muscle,

elastic fibers

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18
Q

In muscular arteries, there is a _________ at the edge of the tunica media. Tunica adventitia may be ____ thick as tunica media, with ____ and elastic fibers.

A

thick external elastic lamina,
as,
collagen

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19
Q

Size of arterioles

A

less than 0.5 mm

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20
Q

How do you identify arterioles from conducting or muscular arteries?

A

Arterioles are much smaller. They have very sparse subendothelial connective tissue. The internal elastic lamina may or may not be present and consists of a network of fibers that may or may not be visible with LM (can be seen using PAS). The tunica media has 1-3 layers of smooth muscle with occasionaly elastic fibers. The tunica adventitia is a layer of loose connective tissue with longitudinally arranged collagenous and elastic fibers.

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21
Q

Size of capillaries

A

7-10 micrometers

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22
Q

Capillaries have a single layer of _____. They are surrounded by a thin sheath of ____ and ____ fibers and some ____ (mesenchymal-like stem cells). In wound healing, ____ may differentiate into fibroblasts or smooth muscle cells.

A

endothelial cells,
reticular, collagenous,
pericytes,
pericytes

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23
Q

Continuous (somatic) capillary

A

Continuous epithelium and basal lamina, no fenestrae

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24
Q

Where are continuous capillaries located?

A

In muscle, connective tissue, CNS, exocrine pancreas, and gonads

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25
Continuous capillaries have numerous _____ for transcytosis.
pinocytotic vessicles
26
In the CNS, continuous capillaries have a type of ______ (occluding junction) that contributes to the _____.
tight junction, | blood-brain barrier
27
What are types of capillaries?
Continuous, Fenestrated, and Discontinuous
28
Fenestrated (visceral) capillaries have an _____ endothelium with large 60-80nm ____, closed by thin (4-6nm) _____.
attenuated (very thin), fenestrae, diaphragms
29
Location of fenestrated capillaries
mucosa of GI tract, endocrine glands, renal glomerular and peritubular capillaries, choroid plexus, and ciliary body
30
True or false: Fenestrated endothelium in the glomerular capillaries have no diaphragms.
True
31
True or false: Fenestrated endothelium in the ciliary body have no diaphragms.
False
32
Where are discontinuous capillaries found?
in the liver and hemapoietic organs (bone, marrow, spleen)
33
Discontinuous capillaries are ____ (30-50um), with ___, tortuous walls, ______ between cells, and an _____ basal lamina.
large, irregular, wide gaps, incomplete
34
Types of veins
postcapillary venules, venules, muscular venules, large veins
35
_____ receive blood from capillaries. They have an ____ layer of ____ that becomes more ____ as the vessel gets larger.
Postcapillary veins, incomplete, pericytes, complete
36
Postcapillary venules are an important site of ___.
activity in inflammation (They have vasoactive compounds - histamine and serotonin - that affect fluid extraversion and migration of white blood cells.) (12-50um)
37
In postcapillary vessels, vasoactive compounds ____ and ____ affect fluid extraversion and migration of white blood cells
histamine and serotonin
38
Function of veins
return blood to heart
39
Venules are 12__-1__ in diameter. There is a _____ of endothelial cells. The tunica media is composed of 1-2 layers of _____ and the tunica adventitia has several layers of _____.
um, mm tunica intima, smooth muscle collagen fibers
40
True or false: Muscular venules have no pericytes.
True
41
The _____ of small to medium sized veins may have a thin subendothelial connective tissue layer.
tunica intima
42
The tunica media of small to medium sized veins has some ___ and ___ fibers interspersed with _____.
reticular, elastic, smooth muscle cells
43
Small to medium sized veins have a _____ tunica adventitia. It has multiple layers of _____ with a few smooth muscle cells and _____.
well-developed, collagenous fibers, elastic fibers
44
Examples of large veins
inferior vena cava, superior vena cava, portal trunk
45
Large veins have a tunica intima with a ____, a ___ tunica media, and a ___ tunica adventitia with collagenous fibers and _____ arranged _____.
``` thin layer of subendothelial connective tissue, thin, thick, longitudinally, smooth muscle cells ```
46
Small to medium size veins may have ____ to prevent ____ blood flow (primarily in ____ limbs). These are paired, ____ of the intima covered with _____.
``` valves, retrograde, lower, semilunar folds, endothelium ```
47
Connections primarily between arterioles and venules
arteriovenuous anastamoses
48
At the ______, there is a specialized tunica media with a sphincter
anastimosis (between arterioles and venules)
49
When the arteriovenous sphincter/shunt is close, ______ blood flows _____. When the shunt is open, blood bypasses the _____ and flows _____.
arterial, into the capillary bed, capillary bed, into a vein
50
Some microvascular beds have a _____ which controls the amount of blood flowing into the capillary
precapillary sphincter
51
Things that blood vessels transport
plasma proteins, fluid, enzymes, lipids, antibodies, hormones, and other macromolecules
52
Fluid is scavenged by the ____, filtered by ____, and recycled back into the _____ at the base of the ____.
lymphatic system, lymph nodes, venous circulation, neck
53
____ in the intestine are an important route of fat absorption
lacteals
54
Lymphatic vessels are _____ lined vessels. Lymph flows in ____ direction(s): _____________.
endothelial, one, towards the base of the neck
55
Lymphatic vessels originate in _____ as ______.
connective tissue, | anastamosing capillaries
56
Lymphatic capillaries have no ______.
basal lamina
57
Size of lymph vessels
10-50 um in diameter
58
According to the slide, where is lymph not present?
Bone marrow and CNS
59
In smaller lymphatic vessels, ______ attached to _____ hold the vessel open.
fine anchoring filaments, | perivascular collagen
60
Larger lymphatic vessels have an ____, ____, and ____, like blood vessels, but these may be difficult to discern at the light microscopic level.
intima, media, adventitia
61
Name two lymphatic vessels
right lymphatic duct and main thoracic duct
62
True or false: Smooth muscle is present in the right lymphatic duct and main thoracic duct.
True
63
Skeletal muscle has lymphatics only in _____.
perimysium
64
Atherosclerosis
foam cell (lipid laden macrophage) formation and fatty deposits in intima - may block vessel
65
Restenosis
Smooth muscle cell proliferation that follows angioplasty procedure. May occlude vessel.
66
Aneurysm
ballooning out of artery - weakness in arterial wall. Atherosclerosis, syphilis, connective tissue disorders (marfan's syndrom, ehlers-danlos syndrome)
67
Varicose veins
tortuous, dilated veins, primarily in the legs of older persons. Caused by decrease in muscle tone and failure of venous valves
68
Describe atheroma formation
1. hypercholesterolemia damaged endothelium LDL infiltrates extracellular space. 2. Lipids taken up by macrophages in the tunica intima; fibroblasts proliferate in subendothelial space. 3. Macrophages release cytokines that recruit inflammatory cells and also stimulate the production of collagen. 4. Smooth muscle cells proliferate and deposit collagen. Compressed cells in tunica media atrophy. 5. This leads to the formation of fibrin-platelet thrombus and ultimately to blockage. 6. Collagen production by smooth muscle cells replaces other smooth muscle
69
Prostacyclin
Produced from arachidonic acid by entothelial cells. Inhibits platelet adhesion and clot formaion
70
Nitric oxide
Causes smooth muscle in the tunica media to relax (which leads to vasodilation).
71
Endothelin-1
A vasoconstrictor
72
Cytokines
Released by macrophages, they induce expression of E-selectin by endothelial cells. (TNF-alpha and IL-1 are examples of cytokines)
73
Neutrophils bind to ____ and then extravasate by migration through the endothelium.
selectins
74
True or false: The mother's circulatory system is continuous with the fetus's.
False (no blood is exchanged, only materials carried in the blood)
75
Exchange between mother and fetus occurs at the interface where the ___ fuses with the uterine walls (placenta). The fetal side (syntrophoblast) consist of an outer layer of ____-______.
umbilical cord, multinucleated, syncytiotrophoblasts
76
Layers of heart
endocardium, myocardium, epicardium
77
Pathway of blood away from heart (left ventricle) and back
aorta -> arteries -> arterioles ->capillaries -> venules -> veins -> vena cava -> right atrium -> right ventricle -> pulmonary artery -> lung capillary bed -> pulmonary vein -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> aorta
78
The endocardium is lined by ____ that is continuous with blood vessels that enter and leave the heart. The heart has a ______ of fine collagenous fibers, a thin layer of dense __________ and then a subendocardial layer of ______ connected to the myocardium.
endothelium, subendothelial layer, fibroelastic connective tissue, loose connective tissue
79
The _______ contains blood vessels, nerves, and portions of the impulse-conducting system (purjinke fibers).
Subendocardial CT
80
The subendocarial CT contains ________.
blood vessels, nerves, and Purjinke fibers
81
Myocardium
Cardiac muscle tissue
82
The myocardium is arranged into ____.
deep and superficial layers: The deep fibers have a circular course, the superficial layers has a spiral course around the ventricle
83
Epicardium
Outermost coat of the epicardium formed by mesothelial cells, The visceral layer of the serous pericardium
84
Underneath the ____ is a subpericardial layer of _____ and ____ that contains ____.
mesothelium (of the epicardium) loose connective tissue, adipose tissue, coronary blood vessels and nerves
85
Skeleton of the heart composed of ______
dense irregular connective tissue
86
Fibrous portion of the interventricular septum
septum membranaceum
87
Fibrous rings around the origins of the pulmonary artery, aorta, and atrioventricular canals
annuli fibrosi
88
Annuli fibrosi
Fibrous rings around the origins of the pulmonary artery, aorta, and atrioventricular canals
89
Fibrous tissue between the arterial foramina and the atrioventricular canals
trigona fibrosa
90
trigona fibrosa
fibrous tissue between the arterial foramina and the atrioventricular canals
91
Annuli around atrioventricular orifices results in _____ between myocardial cells of atria and ventricles. This controls communication between them via ______.
``` electrical discontinuity, AV bundles (specialized conduction tissue) ```
92
SA node
fires action potentials that spread through the atria Pacemaker of the heart, contains modified cardiac muscle cells concentrically arranged around a nodal artery. Impulse spreads from this node via specialized conduction fibers to the AV node.
93
AV node
fires action potentials that spread through the ventricles (along conducting fibers/Purjinke fibers) Lies beneath the endocardium of the septal wall of the right atrium. Cells similar to those in sinoatrial node. This node continues to form a common stem (The AV bundle of His)
94
Valves have both ____ and ____ surrounded by ____.
dense and loose connective tissue layers, | endothelium
95
Valves (types and names)
Atrioventricular valves - tricuspid and mitral, connected to papillary muscles of the ventricles by chordae tendinae Semilunar valves -between ventricle and aorta or ventricle and pulmonary artery
96
AV bundle of His
Formed by purjinke fibers (cardiac conduction fibers) They penetrate the skeleton and then branch to form right and left bundle branches
97
Purjinke fibers (composition)
made of modified muscle cells, filled with glycogen
98
Purjinke fibers course
Purjinke fibers travel in the subendocardial layer to the heart apex, then reverse direction and branch to make contact and form gap junctions with cardiac muscle cells
99
What nerves innervate the heart
Parasympathetic (from VAGUS to sinoatrial node) slow the heart Sympathetic nerves accelerate heartbeat
100
Atrial cardiac muscle cells and some cells in the interventricular septum (myoendocrine cells) are the source of ______.
polypeptide hormones
101
The ANP gene makes _______.
A long acting natriuretic (sodium) peptide, vessel dilator, kaliuretic (potassium) peptide, and ANP (atrial natriuretic protein)
102
Atrial natriuretic peptide
Released from modified atrial muscle cells in response to high blood pressure. Primary effect is to increase sodium and H2O secretion from kidney.

Histology - Sarah (8 decks)

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