Circulating Blood

Question 1

Typles of blood cells

Answer 1

Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells/RBC)

Leukocytes (WBC)
- Granulocytes (Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils)
Agranulocytes (Lymphocytes, Monocytes)

Platelets

Question 2

plasma vs serum

Answer 2

Plasma clots, serum does not clot

Serum lacks the protein fibrinogen and some other clotting factors

Question 3

RBC life span and numbers

Answer 3

Life span: 120-130 days

Numbers
Male: 5 x 10^6/mm3
Female: 4.5 x 10^6/mm3

RBCs are 500-1000 times more numerous than leukocytes

Question 4

Platelets life span and numbers

Answer 4

Life span: 8-10 days

400,000/mm3

Question 5

Granulocytes vs agranulocytes (mitosis)

Answer 5

Granulocytes lose the ability to divide while developing

Agranulocytes maintain the ability to divide throughout development

Question 6

Neutrophils morphology

Answer 6

multi-lobed nucleus, 
azurophilic granules (reddish purple - lysosomal), specific granules (light purple, bactericidal), tertiary granules (gelatinase)

Question 7

3 killing mechanisms for neutrophils

Answer 7

phagocytosis, degranulation, neutrophil extracellular traps

Question 8

neutrophil phagocytosis

Answer 8

Opsonization with antibody or complement

Phagosome merges with granules and lysosome to kill bacteria

Question 9

neutrophil degranulation

Answer 9

Reactive oxygen species, acids and enzymes kill bacteria

Question 10

Neutrophil extracellular traps

Answer 10

Fibers of chromatin and granule proteins are released from the cell and trap bacteria –>
Concentrates antimicrobial components from granules. Physical barrier to pathogen spread within connective tissue

Question 11

Eosinophils number of WBC differential

Answer 11

1-6%

200 mm3

Question 12

Neutrophils number of WBC differential

Answer 12

50-70%

4,400 mm3

Question 13

Morphology eosinophil

Answer 13

bi-lobed nucleus
azurophilic granules (lysosomes - parasites and ag/ab complexes)
specific granules (eosinophilic - large, vs parasites)

Question 14

locations eosinophils

Answer 14

Lamina propria underlying epithelium of digestive and respiratory tracts

Other places as well

Question 15

eosinophil functions

Answer 15

allergic reactions, inflammatory reactions, parasitic worm invasions

Question 16

basophil nucleus

Answer 16

irregular shape, hard to see

Question 17

basophil number of WBC differential

Answer 17

0.5%, 40/mm3

Question 18

basophil granules

Answer 18

specific - large, basophilic (histamine, heparin, chemotactic factors, peroxidase)
azurophilic - lysosomes

Question 19

basophil numbers increase in

Answer 19

some leukemias, chicken pox and small pox, sinus inflammations

Question 20

basophil functions

Answer 20

initiating allergic and inflammatory responses, Fc receptors recognize the Fc fragment of IgE, release histamine, produce leukotrienes

Question 21

lymphocytes number of WBC differential

Answer 21

20-40%

2,500/mm3

Question 22

nucleus lymphocytes

Answer 22

dark staining, hill & valley pattern of heterochromatic vs euchromatin

Question 23

three classes of lymphocytes

Answer 23

b, t, nk cells

cannot determine from histology

Question 24

b lymphocytes fate

Answer 24

15% circulating lymphocytes
plasma cells –> ab production and humoral immune responses
memory cells –> responsible for secondary immune responses

Question 25

t lymphocytes proportion

Answer 25

80-90% circulating lymphocytes

Question 26

subtypes T-lymphocytes

Answer 26

Cytotoxic T helper T suppressor

Question 27

T cell functions

Answer 27

cell mediated immune responses | assist in humoral mediated immune responses

Question 28

NK cells function

Answer 28

able to kill cells w/o stimulation of antigen, release granules of perforin proteins that form pores in nearby cells to cause apoptosis viral infection

Question 29

monocytes number in WBC differential

Answer 29

2-8%, 300/mm3

Question 30

morphology monocytes

Answer 30

``` nucleus: indented, oval, kidney or horseshoe shaped vacuoles sometimes visible some azurophilic granules larger than other leukocytes bluish cytoplasm ```

Question 31

monocyte function

Answer 31

differentiate into macrophages in the CT and other places

Question 32

chylomicroms

Answer 32

fat w/ plasma proteins apparent after a fatty meal found in plasma

Question 33

hemoconia

Answer 33

junk in the blood stream | broken down RBCs, endothelial cells, other debris not filtered in spleen/liver

Question 34

lymph contains

Answer 34

plasma (carbonic acid, little oxygen) | cells (lymphocytes, granulocytes but too many = disease)