Circulation

Question 1

what happens to the blood flow if you have a disease of lung condition (COPD, pulmonary hypertension)

Answer 1

blood gets trapped in the right atrium and it becomes larger

Question 2

what is blood pressure measured in

Answer 2

systolic/diastolic

Question 3

what might be a sign during a blood pressure reading that someone has a lung or circulation problem

Answer 3

the diastolic number will be very high

Question 4

what are the 3 most common medications for people over the age of 55

Answer 4

Lasix, BP medications, and Digitalis

Question 5

what are the (R&L) atrium

Answer 5

chambers in which blood enters the heart from the body

Question 6

how many chambers does the heart have

Answer 6

4, 2 atrium and 2 ventricles

Question 7

what are the (R&L) ventricles

Answer 7

large chambers that collect blood received from the atrium and pump it back to the body

Question 8

what are the two atrioventricular valves

Answer 8

bicuspid and tricuspid

Question 9

what do the atrioventricular valves do

Answer 9

small valves that prevent back flow from the ventricles into the atrium during systole

Question 10

what are the two semilunar valves

Answer 10

aortic and pulmonary

Question 11

what do the semilunar valves do

Answer 11

they permit blood to be forced into the artiums, but prevent back flow of blood from the artiums to the ventricles

Question 12

where are the semilunar valves located

Answer 12

at the base of the pulmonary trunk and the aorta

Question 13

what is the aorta

Answer 13

distributes oxygenated blood to all parts of the body through systemic circulation (largest artery in the body)

Question 14

what does the pulmonary trunk do

Answer 14

branches into (R&L) pulmonary arteries, carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

Question 15

what do the pulmonary veins do

Answer 15

carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium (4 total, 2 in each lung)

Question 16

what is cardiopulmonary circulation

Answer 16

oxygen depleted blood is pumped away from the heart via the pulmonary artery to the lungs and returned oxygenated to the heart via the pulmonary vein

Question 17

what is myocardium

Answer 17

the muscular tissue of the heart (middle layer)

Question 18

what is epicardium

Answer 18

outer layer of the heart tissue (outside surface of the heart)

Question 19

what is endocardium

Answer 19

the innermost layer of the heart, lines the chamber

Question 20

what is pericardium

Answer 20

double walled sac containing the heart and roots of the great vessels

Question 21

what is a myocardial infarction

Answer 21

a heart attack

Question 22

what is the pleural cavity

Answer 22

the potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura

Question 23

where is the visceral pleura

Answer 23

covers the lungs

Question 24

where is the parietal pleura

Answer 24

lining the outside of the lung and visceral

Question 25

why do the visceral and parietal pleura secrete a lubricant

Answer 25

so the lungs can rolls over the pleura and not get suck as they inflate/deflate

Question 26

what is the bronchi (bronchus)

Answer 26

passage of airway in the respiratory tract that conducts air into the lungs, branches into smaller tubes

Question 27

what is the mediastinum

Answer 27

the ares between the lungs (anatomical region)

Question 28

what is the diaphragm

Answer 28

a sheet of skeletal muscle that extends across the bottom of the rib cage, flattens to increase the volume on inhale

Question 29

what is the phrenic nerve

Answer 29

originates in C3-C5, passes down between the lungs and heart and extends to the diaphragm

Question 30

what is pleural pneumonia

Answer 30

fluid between the visceral and parietal pleura

Question 31

what is bronchial pneumonia

Answer 31

fluid inside the lungs (cough stuff up)

Question 32

what is the tunica intima

Answer 32

surrounds the lumen (endothelial layer)

Question 33

what is arterial sclerosis

Answer 33

inflammation of the endothelial layer of the tunica intima- plaque, calcium, cholesterol builds up

Question 34

what is the tunica media

Answer 34

the muscle layer (smooth muscle), changes the diameter of the lumen

Question 35

do both veins and arteries have a tunica media

Answer 35

yes, it is thinner in veins

Question 36

what is the tunica adventitia

Answer 36

the outer supporting layer (primarily collagen) that holds the shape

Question 37

what is the lumen

Answer 37

the space in the middle of an artery or vein

Question 38

is the lumen flat or open

Answer 38

it is a potential space and veins are flat when empty

Question 39

where are valves located in arteries and veins

Answer 39

none in arteries, only certain veins have them to help with venous return

Question 40

what arteries are elastic arteries

Answer 40

aorta, pulmonary trunk, subclavians and brachiocephalic

Question 41

what are elastic arteries

Answer 41

located in the larger arteries to increase blood flow, pushes blood out with an extra kick as it leaves the heart

Question 42

what are muscular arteries

Answer 42

they get big and small, control blood pressure and where blood is going in the body

Question 43

which arteries are muscular

Answer 43

the rest of the arteries that are not elastic

Question 44

what are arterioles

Answer 44

smaller arteries that extend and branch out from an artery to a capillary (no adventitia layer)

Question 45

what are venules

Answer 45

very small blood vessels that allow blood to return from the capillary beds to the larger veins

Question 46

what are capillaries

Answer 46

the smallest blood vessels, connect arterioles and venules

Question 47

how many layers do capillaries have

Answer 47

only 1 layer (endothelium and basal lamina)

Question 48

what is the purpose of capillaries

Answer 48

designed to leak tissue fluid through fenestrations between and in the cells (leaves the blood cells and larger proteins behind)

Question 49

what are capillary beds

Answer 49

an interweaving network of capillaries that supply an organ, opened and closed with sphincters

Question 50

where are tight junctions located in capillaries

Answer 50

where there needs to be a barrier (no fenestrations) blood brain barrier, blood placenta barrier

Question 51

what are the sphincters called that open and close capillary beds

Answer 51

precapillary sphincters

Question 52

what is the 3 basic layer structure of an artery and vein

Answer 52

tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia

Question 53

how much of the body can receive blood at one time

Answer 53

40%

Question 54

how much fluid is circulating in the body

Answer 54

8 liters

Question 55

how much of the total fluid in the body is blood

Answer 55

5 liters

Question 56

how much of the total fluid in the body is circulating as tissue fluid

Answer 56

3 liters

Question 57

what is the lymphatic system for

Answer 57

to recycle tissue fluid and put it back into the subclavians

Question 58

where are lymph nodes located

Answer 58

wherever there is drainage, drains into the upper veins and gets recycled

Question 59

why does someone have edema or kidney failure

Answer 59

improper fluid circulation (lymphatic problem)