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Cardiovascular System > Circulation > Flashcards

Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the circulation network composed of

A

The heart- which is a centralised pump
Blood vessels
Blood

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2
Q

What are the 2 seperate circulation loops

A

The pulmonary circulation
The systemic circulation

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3
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary circulation

A

The pulmonary circulation transports blood from the heart to the lungs to become oxygenated then back to the heart

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4
Q

What is a similarity of both the pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation

A

They both begin at the heart

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5
Q

What is the hierarchy in the systemic circulation

A

Heart
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Gas exchange occurs at the tissues and becomes deoxygenated
Venules
Veins
Heart

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6
Q

What is transported in the blood via the circulatory system

A

Hormones
Gases
Nutrients
Waste
Electrolytes

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7
Q

Give a brief overview of the structures that blood passes through in the pulmonary circulation

A

Superior and inferior vena cava
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Right and left pulmonary artery
Capillaries of the lung
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Aorta

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8
Q

Give a brief overview of the structures the blood passes through in the systemic circulation

A

Left atrium
Left ventricle
Aorta and main branches- braceocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavien
Capillaries
Veins
Inferior and superior vena cava

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9
Q

Give a brief overview of the structures in the coronary circulation

A

Ascending aorta
Right coronary artery
Right marginal branch + posterior interventricular artery + left coronary artery
Anterior interventricular branch
Circumflex artery

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10
Q

How does blood from the coronary circulation get back to the right atrium

A

Via the coronary sinus

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11
Q

When does blood from the right artium flow into the right ventricle

A

During diastole

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12
Q

What valve sits between the right atrium and right ventricle

A

The tricuspid valve

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13
Q

What happens to the blood in the right ventricle during systole

A

The right ventricle contracts pushing blood into the conus arteriousus at the base of the pulmonary trunk

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14
Q

What does contraction of the right ventricle cause to happen

A

The tricuspid valve closes to prevent back flow into the right atrium

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15
Q

When does the pulmonary valve close and what does it prevent

A

During diastole which prevents back flow of blood into the right ventricle

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16
Q

When does newly oxygenated blood pass into the left atrium

A

During diastole

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17
Q

During diastole blood passes from the left atrium to the left ventricle by passing through which valve

A

The mitral valve

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18
Q

During systole the left ventricle contracts pushing blood where

A

Into the aorta through the aortic valve

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19
Q

When does the mitral valve close

A

The mitral valve closes when the left ventricle contracts pushing blood up into the aorta to prevent back flow

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20
Q

When does the aortic valve close

A

During diastole to prevent back flow into the left ventricle

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21
Q

Where do the left and right coronary arteries branch from

A

The ascending aorta

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22
Q

The arch of the aorta has 3 main branches what are they

A

Braceocephalic trunk
Left common carotid
Left subclavien

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23
Q

What do the 3 main branches that branch from the arch of the aorta supply

A

The head, neck and upper limbs

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24
Q

What does the arch of the aorta become

A

The arch of the aorta becomes the descending aorta which travels down through the thorax giving off many branches to supply structures in the thorax

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25
From the throax where does the aorta go
It passes through the diaphragm
26
At what level does the aorta pass through the diaphragm
T12
27
What aperture does the aorta pass through in the diaphragm
The aortic hiatus
28
When the aorta enters the abdomen what does it become
The abdominal aorta
29
What are the branches that come off the abdominal aorta
The coeliac trunk Superior mesenteric artery Inferior mesenteric artery
30
When the abdominal aorta terminates what does it become
Bifurcates into the common iliac arteries which supply the pelvic cavity and the lower limbs
31
Describe the corse of the coronary circulation
The left and right coronary branches from the ascending aorta immediately above the aortic valve. The right coronary goes to the right and gives 2 branches the right marginal artery which runs along the right border and the posterior descending artery which runs along the interventricular septum along the base of the heart. The left coronary goes left and splits into the anterior descending which runs along the anterior of the interventricular septum and the circumflex artery. The posterior descending artery joins with the left anterior descending artery at the apex of the heart
32
What is the venous drainage of the heart
The coronary sinus
33
The coronary sinus drains which main veins
The great cardiac vein The middle cardiac vein The small cardiac vein
34
What is the portal system
The portal system is a a network of veins that drains the deoxygenated blood from the abdomen
35
The veins of the portal system directs blood to which organ
The liver
36
Why is blood from the abdomen directed to the liver before going back to the heart
The blood goes to the liver to be filters so the body is able to use the nutrients in the blood
37
What does the splenic vein drain
The spleen, the pancreas, the stomach
38
What does the superior and inferior mesenteric veins drain
They drain everything from the jejunum to the upper rectum
39
What 2 veins join to form the hepatic portal vein
The superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein
40
What is the role of arteries
They carry blood away from the heart towards peripheral tissues
41
What are characteristics of arteries
They have thick walls and narrow lumens which means they can resists high pressure from the blood been forced out of the heart
42
Arteries goes through a process of segmentation What does this mean
Arteries go through a process of segmentation which means they decrease in diameter and the wall becomes thicker with each division
43
What are conducting arteries
They carry blood directly from the heart and main branches, they have a high degree of elasticity and so can withstand the high pressure
44
What are the distributing arteries
The distributing arteries are arteries which transport the blood to the specific organ systems, these have a high muscular component
45
What are arterioles
They are small in size and are muscular resistant so they only cope with low pressure blood
46
How many layers do artery walls have
3 layers
47
What are the 3 layers of the artery walls
The tunica intima The tunica media The tunica externa
48
What is the tunica intima made up of
Basement membrane Endothelium Internal elastic lamina Subendothelial
49
What is the tunica media made up of
Smooth muscle External elastic lamina
50
What are examples of conducting arteries
Aorta and its major branches
51
What is the role of arterioles
They connect vessels between muscular arteries and capillary beds. They can also control the blood from into capillaries via the contraction of the smooth muscle
52
What are capillaries
They are the vessels closes to the target organ and act as a barrier between the blood and the interstitial fluid
53
What is a characteristic of capillaries
They have a marrow lumen which is just wide enough for the largest blood cell to fit through
54
What are venules
They are formed when 2 or more capillaries converge
55
What are veins
They are formed by the union of muscular venules
56
What are some characteristics of veins
They have a thin wall and large lumen with small amounts of muscle due to the blood is under low pressure They have distensible walls meaning they can expand to accommodate large volumes of blood
57
What do peripheral veins contain
They contain valves which prevent back flow
58
Which veins do not contain valves
Veins within the abdomen
59
What is anastomoses
They are formed by 2 arteries connecting with each other
60
Which does anastomoses allow
Allows for continuous blood supply
61
If an artery becomes blocked blood flow is still able to continue why is this possible
This is possible due to the anastomosis of an artery with am adjacent artery
62
What is mean by direct anastomosis and give an example
2 arteries join Eg- redial and ulnar arteries via the palmar arteries
63
What is meant by convergence anastomosis and give an example
2 arteries join to form one single artery Eg- when vertebral arteries join to form basilar artery
64
What is meant by transverse anastomosis and give and example
This is when a small artery connects 2 large arteries Eg- anterior communicating artery connects the left and right anterior cerebral arteries
65
What is meant by arteriosvenous anatamosis and give an example of where this could happen
The direct connection between a small artery and small vein Eg- in the nose or ear
66
What is a portacaval anastomosis and give an example where this could happen
This is the connection between systematic artery and the portal veins Eg- oesophagus or rectum
67
Why are circulatory shunts needed in a foetus
They are required to bypass the liver and non-functioning lungs
68
What are the 2 shunts that are used to bypass the lungs
The foramen ovale Ductus arteriosus
69
Where can the foramen ovale found
It is found between the left and right atria
70
What happens to blood if it does pass through the foamen ovale
Blood enters the right ventricle and goes through the ductus arteriosus
71
What does the ductus arteriosus connect
It connects the pulmonary trunk to the distal aorta
72
What triggers the foramen ovale to close
This closes due to the baby taking its first breath when been born causing the pulmonary resistance to fall as the pressure within the left atrium becomes higher in the right atrium so blood can no longer flow through the foramen ovale so this closes the shunt and will have completely fused by the age of 1
73
What causes the ductus arteriosus to close
This closes when the muscular wall contracts. This is mediated by bradykinin
74
What is the remnant of the foramen ovale
The fossa ovalis
75
What is the remnant of the ductus arteriosus
The ligamentum arteriosum
76
What is the remnant of the ductus venousus
The ligament venosum
77
What is the remnant of the umbilical vein
The ligament teres
78
How are blood vessels formed in the embryo
On day 17 blood islands in the extraembroynic mesoderm which are a core of hemoblasts surrounded by endothelial cells
79
How many days after fertilisation does vasculogenesis commence
Day 18
80
What is the difference between vasculogenesis and angiogenesis
Vasculogenesis is the development of blood vessels from in situ differentiating angioblasts Angiogenesis is the sprouting of capillaries from pre-existing vessels
81
What drives embryonic vessel development
Angiogenic growth factors Eg- vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoietin 1 and 2 Repulsive signals Eg- plexin/semaphorin signalling, ephrin

Cardiovascular System (12 decks)

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