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Circulation and Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the circulatory system

A

the circulating of blood through the body

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2
Q

what organs are apart of the circulatory system

A

heart
blood vessels
blood

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3
Q

Three types of blood vessels

A
  • arteries
  • veins
  • capillaries
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4
Q
A
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5
Q

Blood transfers…

A

glucose, gasses

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6
Q

What determines the color of blood

A

oxygen

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7
Q

Blood is made up of

A

plasma (liquid portion)

cells (red blood cells and white blood cells)

Platelets (helps blood clots)
hemoglobin

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8
Q

what is hemoglobin

A

iron in blood that makes it red

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9
Q

Heart is split in two parts, what parts?

A

deoxygenated partition and oxygenated partition

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10
Q

Arteries carry blood _____ from the heart

A

AWAY

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11
Q

Veins carry blood _____ from the heart

A

TOWARDS

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12
Q

What are capillaries

A

small blood vessels which give and take oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to lungs

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13
Q

Four Chambers:

A

(deoxygenated side) R
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle

(oxygenated side) L
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle

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14
Q

How do the walls of heart compare in terms of the atrium and ventricles

A

the walls of the atrium are thinner

the walls of the ventricles are thicker

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15
Q

Valves

A

one way sectors that seperate the chambers and prevent backflow of the blood

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16
Q

Blood PATHWAY!

A
  1. deoxygenated blood goes through the INFERIOR VENA CAVA
  2. RIGHT ATRIUM
  3. RIGHT VENTRICLE
  4. PULMONARY ARTERY

goes to lung and releases CO2 becoming oxygenated

  1. OXYGENATED BLOOD GOES TO HEART in PULMONARY VEIN
  2. LEft Atrium
  3. Left Ventricle
  4. Goes through Aorta
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17
Q

superior vena cava vs inferior vena cava

A

SVC - carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body

IVC - carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body

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18
Q

Aaorta

A

transfers blood throughout the whole body

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19
Q

Coronary Arteries

A

branched from the aorta supplies the hear blood through capillaries

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20
Q

Coronary veins

A

takes the deoxygenated blood in hear to remove the deoxygenated blood from the heart

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21
Q

Septum

A

wall that separates right and left sides of heart

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22
Q

cardiovascular system include…

A

heart
blood
blood vessels

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23
Q

Pulmonary Circuit

A

oxygen poor blood from the BODY goes to

RIGHT SIDE OF HEART

TO THE LUNGS
- which pick ups oxygen and releases CO2

oxygen rich blood returns to the

LEFT SIDE OF THE HEART

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24
Q

Systemic circuit

A

Left side of heart pumps oxygen rich blood to BODY

which releases throughout the body oxygen and picks up CO2

RETURNS TO HEART’S RIGHT SIDE

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25
What is transported to and from cells?
nutrients hormones wastes
26
True or False Humans have a closed circulatory system
True blood is contained within vessels
27
two types of chambers and their function
1. Atria receive blood GOING TO HEART 2. Ventricles pump blood out of heart.
28
Simple definition of the pulmonary circuit
goes to and from lungs
29
simple definition of systemic circuit
goes to and from body
30
When the heart is relaxed the chambers ____ with blood
FILL
31
When the cardiac muscle contracts the blood is ____
pushed through
32
How is the heart beat sound made?
the valves closing
33
Pacemaker
a cluster of cells in the right atrium that COORDINATES timing of heart contraction
34
Blood vessels types
Arteries Veins Capillaries
35
Arteries carry blood ____ from the heart
AWAY
36
Veins carry blood _____ the heart
TOWARD
37
Capillaries are built....
Thin walled by one cell allows exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes between blood and cells
38
Systole
when the ventricle contracts
39
Diastole
when ventricle relaxes
40
How is the artery built?
made of muscle and is thick elastic wall TO WITHSTAND HIGHER PRESSURE
41
How are veins built?
thin walls of muscle and elastic tissue low pressure, skeletal muscle movement helps blood return from veins to heart
42
what is blood pressure
pressure of blood against artery walls
43
What is in blood
red blood cells white blood cells platelets plasma
44
What is the fluid mosaic model?
The model describing the cell membrane as a flexible, dynamic structure with a phospholipid bilayer and embedded proteins.
45
Why do phospholipids form membranes in water?
Their hydrophilic heads face water while hydrophobic tails avoid water, creating a bilayer.
46
What is diffusion?
The passive movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
47
What is passive transport?
The movement of molecules across a membrane without energy, down their concentration gradient.
48
How does osmosis work?
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from low to high solute concentration.
49
Define hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions.
Hypertonic: Water moves out; cell shrinks. Hypotonic: Water moves in; cell swells. Isotonic: No net water movement; cell remains the same.
50
What happens to an animal cell in a hypotonic solution?
It swells and may burst (lysis).
51
What happens to a plant cell in a hypertonic solution?
It shrinks away from the cell wall (plasmolysis).
52
What is facilitated diffusion?
Passive transport of molecules via transport proteins, without energy use.
53
What are aquaporins?
Special channel proteins that speed up water movement across the membrane.
54
What is active transport?
The movement of substances against their concentration gradient using energy (ATP).
55
Define exocytosis.
The process of vesicles fusing with the membrane to expel materials from the cell.
56
Define endocytosis.
The process of the cell engulfing substances by forming vesicles.
57
How do phagocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis differ?
Phagocytosis: "Cell eating" – engulfs large particles. Receptor-mediated endocytosis: Uses receptor proteins to selectively take in specific molecules.
58
How do contractile vacuoles help freshwater organisms?
They expel excess water to maintain balance in a hypotonic environment.
59
60
What is the process called when molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration?
Diffusion
61
True or False: Osmosis is a type of diffusion specifically for water molecules.
True
62
Fill in the blank: Active transport requires ______ to move substances against their concentration gradient.
energy
63
What type of transport does not require energy?
Passive transport
64
Which of the following is an example of active transport? A) Diffusion B) Osmosis C) Sodium-potassium pump D) Facilitated diffusion
C) Sodium-potassium pump
65
What is the term for the movement of large particles into a cell via vesicles?
Endocytosis
66
True or False: Facilitated diffusion requires energy to occur.
False
67
What is the primary function of a cell membrane?
To regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
68
Define osmosis.
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
69
What is the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?
Simple diffusion does not require transport proteins, while facilitated diffusion does.
70
What role do channel proteins play in membrane transport?
They facilitate the passage of specific ions and molecules across the membrane.
71
Fill in the blank: In endocytosis, the cell membrane engulfs material to form a ______.
vesicle
72
True or False: Osmosis can occur through any type of membrane.
False
73
What is a concentration gradient?
A difference in the concentration of a substance across a space.
74
Name one type of endocytosis.
Phagocytosis or pinocytosis.
75
What happens to a cell placed in a hypertonic solution?
It loses water and shrinks.
76
What is the main difference between pinocytosis and phagocytosis?
Pinocytosis involves the uptake of liquids, while phagocytosis involves the uptake of solids.
77
What is the role of ATP in active transport?
ATP provides the energy required to move substances against their concentration gradient.
78
True or False: Passive transport processes can occur without the input of energy.
True
79
What does it mean for a membrane to be selectively permeable?
It allows certain substances to pass while blocking others.
80
In which type of solution does a cell remain unchanged?
Isotonic solution
81
What is the function of aquaporins?
They facilitate the transport of water across cell membranes.
82
Fill in the blank: Active transport often involves ______ that change shape to move substances.
transport proteins
83
What is exocytosis?
The process by which cells expel materials in vesicles.
84
What is the primary difference between diffusion and osmosis?
Diffusion involves all types of molecules, while osmosis specifically involves water.

Biology (2 decks)

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