Circulation System

Question 1

The __________ takes de-oxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for gaseous exchange and returns oxygenated blood to the heart.

Answer 1

Pulmonary system

Question 2

From there the Systemic system

Answer 2

delivers oxygen rich blood to all tissues of the body to allow metabolisation to occur and returns the de-oxygenated blood to the heart.

Question 3

Blood assists in temperature control of the body. _______ of the exterior blood vessels will take place if the body is subjected to cold (to conserve core body heat) and _____ will take place if the body is subjected to heat.

Answer 3

Vasoconstriction, Vasodilation

Question 4

The ____, a pale straw coloured medium, is the liquid part of the blood.As well as carrying the various blood cells it delivers digested food products such as glucose and amino acids, dissolved proteins, various hormones and enzymes.

Answer 4

plasma,

Question 5

Red blood cells contain _________ and carry oxygen to the cells and tissues of the body. The red cells do not have nuclei thereby, ________.

Answer 5

haemoglobin, and thereby make more room for haemoglobin

Question 6

_________ are of various types; they resemble amoebae and have large nuclei to engulf and destroy invading bacteria.

Answer 6

White blood cells

Question 7

___________ are the smallest of the blood cells and assist in the blood clotting process.

Answer 7

Platelets

Question 8

The heart has four chambers, two ______ which are the most powerful parts of the heart and , _________(atrium is the singular of atria), which are the upper chambers of the organ.

Answer 8

ventricles, two auricles or atria

Question 9

Functions of the Ventricles

Answer 9

The ventricles supply the main force that propels the blood through the lungs and the circulatory system.

Question 10

The right ventricle pumps _____- blood to the lungs and the _________ pumps the oxygenated blood around the body.

Answer 10

deoxygenated, left ventricle

Question 11

Functions of the Atria

Answer 11

The atria act principally as entryways to the ventricles but they also pump weakly to help move the blood on through the atria into the ventricles. Thereby they increase the effectiveness of the ventricles as pumps.

Question 12

blood vessels, the ______- which carry blood from the heart at ____ pressure and the veins ____________. As the heart itself is a muscle it requires its own blood supply system which is provided by __________

Answer 12

arteries, high, which return blood to the heart at low pressure, the coronary arteries and veins.

Question 13

Red blood cells contain no nuclei and have an average life in man of about ______. New red blood cells
and their haemoglobin are made mainly in the __________, but some are also produced in
the liver and spleen.

Answer 13

108 days, bone marrow

Question 14

If an artery is cut ______ spurts out, if a vein is cut then ________ oozes out

Answer 14

bright red blood, dark blood

Question 15

A small amount of the carbon dioxide may be dissolved in the plasma but the majority is carried in chemical combination with water in the form of _____–.

Answer 15

carbonic acid, CO2 + H2O = H2CO3

Question 16

Our blood is naturally acidic because of the presence of this __________. An acidic basis is
required to allow ___________. A reduction in the acidity of the blood which can occur when there is insufficient ________, as when ___________ interferes with the release of oxygen to the tissues.

Answer 16

carbonic acid, the easy release of oxygen from oxy-haemoglobin to tissues, carbon dioxide in the blood, hyperventilating

Question 17

This process whereby energy is released from food, takes place in the cells and is called ____

Answer 17

Internal Respiration.

Question 18

The largest and most muscular part of the heart is the ____. Blood containing oxygen is sent around the body from __________.

Answer 18

left ventricle, the left ventricle when it contracts

Question 19

The capillaries(thinnest blood vessels) have very thin walls (only one cell thick) which allow the passage of oxygen from the blood into the __________. They also allow carbon dioxide and water vapour to diffuse in the reverse direction.

Answer 19

tissues by diffusion (Fick’s Law)

Question 20

The diffusion and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide can only take place at the ____. Even the smallest arteries and veins have walls too thick to allow the exchange of gases.

Answer 20

capillaries

Question 21

De-oxygenated blood passes from the _____ to veins which progressively increase
in size and returns eventually to the _____. It then passes to the right ventricle which
pumps the blood via the ________ to the ________.

Answer 21

venous capillaries, right atrium , the pulmonary artery to the lungs

Question 22

Cardiac output is _______________________. It is the product of the __________ (or pulse rate). The normal pulse rate for a healthy average individual is beats a minute.The Cardiac Output for the average human being at rest is _________.

Answer 22

the quantity of blood pumped by the left ventricle into the aorta each minute , stroke volume and the heart rate, 70 , 5.0 to 5.5 litres a minute

Question 23

The heart muscles require oxygen to continue working. This oxygen is carried to the heart by
the __________. If a narrowing of these vessels should occur then insufficient blood may
reach the heart muscle. This lack of oxygen, particularly when the heart is beating faster due to
exercise or stress, will give rise to the symptoms of ___________

Answer 23

coronary arteries, Angina, with pain in the chest and arms.

Question 24

Without treatment cardiac arrest is fatal within

Answer 24

4 minutes.

Question 25

Haemoglobin has a much greater affinity for __________ than for oxygen (up to 210 - 250 times) and will transport them in preference to oxygen. Carbon monoxide combines with haemoglobin to form _____ which gives the blood

Answer 25

carbon monoxide molecules, carboxy-haemoglobin, a bright pink colour

Question 26

The first symptom of carbon monoxide poisoning is ____________

Answer 26

a headache (or tightness across the forehead) nausea and dizziness

Question 27

A person smoking 20 cigarettes a day will have a raised ______ level by about 7%. This equates to a reduction in oxygen carrying capacity of _________. Add this to a cockpit altitude of 6,000 to 8,000 feet and the smoker would react as if at an altitude up to ______- with resulting ________- leading to reduced performance and slower reactions.

Answer 27

carboxy-haemoglobin, 4,000 to 5,000 feet, 12,000 feet, Anaemic Hypoxia

Question 28

The Blood Pressure will be given as two numbers eg 120/80. The higher figure is the ___, that is the pressure exerted by the heart ______. The lower figure is the _________

Answer 28

systolic pressure, when it contracts to send blood around the body, diastolic pressure which is the permanent pressure within the arterial system

Question 29

Pressoreceptors and their function maintaining blood pressure.

Answer 29

Pressoreceptors are located in the wall of the Carotid Sinus in the neck and up-stream of the brain.Hypertension -Should the Pressoreceptors detect an increase of blood pressure, impulses are sent to the brain which will cause a reduction of the heart rate and a relaxation of the blood vessels effecting a reduction of blood pressure.

Question 30

Pressoreceptors and their function maintaining blood pressure in case of low BP

Answer 30

Hypotension : Should the Pressoreceptors detect a decrease of blood pressure, impulses are sent to the brain which will cause an increase of the heart rate and a tightening of the blood vessels effecting an increase of blood pressure.

Question 31

The primary function of the Pressoreceptors is that of .

Answer 31

maintaining homeostasis

Question 32

In case of blood donation- In order to prevent the very slight risk of ____ it is recommended that, having given blood, aircrew should drink plenty of fluids and rest supine for a short time (15 - 20 minutes). They must refrain from flying duties for a ______.

Answer 32

post transfusion faintness (syncope), minimum of 24 hours

Question 33

What is PULMONARY EMBOLISM

Answer 33

A blood clot from the leg (thrombus) becoming detached and travelling to the lungs where it becomes lodged causing the blockage.The blood supply to the lungs may be interrupted by a blockage to the Pulmonary artery. This not only causes death of lung tissue but also prevents oxygenation of the blood. The immobility associated with long-haul flights may predispose the formation of blood clots in the lower limbs.

Question 34

How is the rate and depth of breathing controlled?

Answer 34

By the amount of carbonic acid and water vapour/nitrogen mixture in the blood and lungs

Question 35

What is the function of the left and right ventricle?

Answer 35

Left: Pumps oxygenated blood around the body Right: Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Question 36

The factor which most increases the risk of coronary heart disease is:-

Answer 36

Family history

Question 37

List in descending order the factors that will increase the risk of coronary heart disease.

Answer 37

Family history, age, previous history of cardio vascular problems, raised blood pressure, smoking, raised blood cholesterol, lack of exercise, diabetes.

Question 38

List in ascending order the factors that will increase the risk of coronary heart disease

Answer 38

Diabetes, lack of exercise, raised blood cholesterol, smoking, raised blood pressure, previous history of cardio vascular problems, age, family history.

Question 39

List the symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning

Answer 39

Ruddy complexion, headache, tightness across the forehead, impaired judgement

Question 40

Why is it essential to ensure that the combustion heaters are serviceable?

Answer 40

To prevent carbon monoxide poisoning.

Question 41

The effects of smoking, particularly in relation to aviation are:-

Answer 41

An early onset of hypoxia due to an apparent increase in altitude and a degradation of night vision

Question 42

Will smokers experience hypoxia at a lower or higher cabin altitude than non-smokers?

Answer 42

At a lower cabin altitude

Question 43

A pilot must wait at least 24 hours before flying after donating blood: True/ False

Answer 43

True

Question 44

Where does the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide + water vapour take place:

Answer 44

The capillaries

Question 45

The normal range of blood pressure is:

Answer 45

Systolic 120 mm Hg and Diastolic 80 mm HG

Question 46

Pressoreceptors affect the:

Answer 46

Tightening and relaxation of the blood vessels and the pulse rate

Question 47

Hypotension is:

Answer 47

Low blood pressure

Question 48

Haemoglobin has a preference to carbon monoxide over oxygen by a factor of:

Answer 48

210 - 250

Question 49

Treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning should include:

Answer 49

Stop all smoking

Question 50

Low blood pressure can lead to:

Answer 50

Reduced tolerance to G forces

Question 51

Cardiac output (the quantity of blood pumped by the heart per unit time), is the product of:

Answer 51

Stroke volume and the heart rate ( pulse rate)

Question 52

Internal Respiration is:

Answer 52

The exchange of oxygen with carbon dioxide and water in the cells