Circulatory 1 Objectives + more Flashcards
(51 cards)
List the 3 components of the circulatory system, and cite its primary functions.
- Heart – serves as a pump to propel blood through vessels
- Blood vessels – carries blood to tissues
- Blood - to fill your blood vessels
**primary fxn: TRANSPORT
: Transport to cells to help produce energy. - Delivers to tissues the oxygen & nutrients needed for metabolic processes
- Carries waste products of cellular metabolism to excretory organs (Kidneys) for elimination
- Circulates electrolytes & hormones needed to regulate body function
- Transports core heat to periphery where it can be dissipated in the external environment (aids temperature regulation)
- Transports immune substances (Antibodies) that contribute to body’s defense mechanisms
Describe the functions of each of the following parts of the heart and the potential nursing problems that might result if the function is altered/impaired: atria, ventricles, heart valves, pericardium, myocardium, and endocardium.
Atria fxn: (1) two upper chambers that collect the blood as it returns from the heart to the rest of the body. (2) serve as pumps to fill the ventricles.
If fxn of atria is impaired: (1) Not much blood will go out with each beat so CO will DROP. (2) If blood doesn’t get pumped from atria to ventricles, then blood will start to pool/stagnate which =CLOTS. Clots could drain into ventricles and get pumped out to other parts of body & occlude arteries.
Ventricle fxn: (1) two lower chambers (MAIN PUMPING CHAMBERS)
If fxn of ventricles is impaired: CO will DROP as well.
Heart valve fxn: to keep blood going in the right direction through the heart (to make sure its not going backwards)
Pericardium: sac around the heart the helps heart maintain position inside the chest & provides protection.
Myocardium: THICK Mid LAYER muscle layer of heart wall/actually performs to work of the heart
ENdocardium: INner later that provides lining of heart.
The “work” of the heart is?
contract, relax, and pump blood through blood vessels.
where does the right ventricle pump blood to?
if right ventricle fails?
to the lungs to get oxygenated
=pulmonary circulation
fails? =poor oxygenation
where does the left ventricle pump blood to?
if left ventricle fails?
to rest of body.
=systemic circulation
oxygenated blood doesn’t get to tissues=failure of major organs since its not getting oxygenated blood
Define cardiac output, and explain how it is affected by each of the following: heart rate, stroke volume, preload, afterload, and cardiac contractility.
CO: the amount of blood that gets pumped out of the heart per min.
Heart Rate (HR): An increase in heart rate leads to an increase in cardiac output. This is because more heartbeats per minute result in more blood being pumped out of the heart over the same period.
Define cardiac output, and explain how it is affected by each of the following: heart rate, stroke volume, preload, afterload, and cardiac contractility.
Stroke Volume (SV): Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped by the heart with each beat. An increase in stroke volume leads to an increase in cardiac output, as more blood is ejected with each heartbeat. Factors affecting stroke volume include preload, afterload, and cardiac contractility.
Define cardiac output, and explain how it is affected by each of the following: heart rate, stroke volume, preload, afterload, and cardiac contractility.
Preload: Preload refers to the degree of stretch of the cardiac muscle fibers at the end of diastole, just before contraction begins. An increase in preload generally increases stroke volume and, subsequently, cardiac output. This is because increased preload stretches the cardiac muscle fibers, leading to a more forceful contraction during systole.
Define cardiac output, and explain how it is affected by each of the following: heart rate, stroke volume, preload, afterload, and cardiac contractility.
Afterload: Afterload is the resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood during systole. Increased afterload tends to decrease stroke volume and, consequently, cardiac output. This is because higher afterload makes it more difficult for the heart to pump blood out into circulation.
Define cardiac output, and explain how it is affected by each of the following: heart rate, stroke volume, preload, afterload, and cardiac contractility.
Cardiac Contractility: Cardiac contractility refers to the strength of the heart’s contractions. An increase in contractility leads to an increase in stroke volume and, subsequently, cardiac output. This is because stronger contractions result in more blood being ejected with each heartbeat.
what is Starling’s Law of the heart?
The greater the stretch of the myocardial fibers, the stronger the force of the contraction.
what are the factors that affect contactility?
Factors that affect contractility are called inotropic influences.
what are the 3 types of blood vessels?
arteries: take blood from your heart to the rest of body
capillaries: transfer of gases and nutrients from blood to cell
veins: carry blood back to the heart
Discuss the structure and function of the different types of blood vessels, and describe the nursing problems that might result if their function is impaired.
three main types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries
Arteries fxn: carry blood to tissues (tissue
perfusion)
nursing prob: Atherosclerosis & Arteriosclerosis
Veins fxn: Veins transport blood at a lower pressure compared to arteries. They rely on skeletal muscle contractions and the presence of valves to help propel blood back to the heart. Veins also act as reservoirs, storing excess blood volume.
nursing probs: Venous insufficiency & DVT
Capillaries fxn: Capillaries facilitate the exchange of substances between the blood and surrounding tissues, including oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products. Their thin walls and large surface area enable efficient diffusion of molecules.
Nursing probs: impaired wound healing & capillary leak syndrome.
Identify the determinants of blood pressure (5)
Cardiac output, Peripheral vascular resistance, ANS, kidneys, and ADH.
1.CO and the factors that affect those determinants
Cardiac output – amount of blood heart
pumps per minute. Affected by:
o heart rate
o myocardial contractility
o venous return
o blood volume
- Peripheral vascular resistance and the factors that affect those determinants
- Peripheral vascular resistance –
resistance blood encounters as it is
pumped through vessel. Affected by:
o arterial constriction & elasticity
- ANS and the factors that affect those determinants
- Autonomic nervous system
o sympathetic activity increase HR,
contractility, & vessel
constriction
o parasympathetic activity decrease HR
- Kidneys and the factors that affect those determinants
*Kidneys
o adjust sodium & water excretion to
keep BP WNL
o activates RAAS as needed
(affects blood volume & vessel
constriction)
ADH and the factors that affect those determinants
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) –
affects blood volume & vessel
constriction
Identify the mechanisms through which the body controls/regulates cardiac function and blood flow.
-ANS: Balances sympathetic & parasympathetic activity. Affects HR diameter of vessels but not blood volume.
1. Functions through medullary control centers (In medulla)
2. Receives input from other areas of the nervous system (ex: hypothalamus), & from arterial baroreceptors & chemoreceptors
-KIDNEYS: Involved in blood volume regulation & diameter of vessels but not HR.
-ADH/VASOPRESSIN: hormone from posterior pituitary released in response to decreased blood volume/ decreased BP>vasoconstriction, & decreased excretion of water = increased BP
Identify the predisposing factors of the following disorders, and explain the rationale underlying their nursing problems, assessment findings, and basic interventions: a) primary hypertension; b) atherosclerosis; c) coronary heart disease/coronary artery disease (differentiate between chronic ischemic heart disease and acute coronary syndrome); and d) heart failure (differentiate between right and left heart failure).
Primary hypertension: BP is higher than
120/80, but no identifiable disease that is
the causing factor.
PF:
* family history
* older age
* race (African American)
* lifestyle factors
o high Na intake
o obesity
o physical inactivity
o high alcohol consumption
o low K intake
Identify the predisposing factors of the following disorders, and explain the rationale underlying their nursing problems, assessment findings, and basic interventions: a) primary hypertension; b) atherosclerosis; c) coronary heart disease/coronary artery disease (differentiate between chronic ischemic heart disease and acute coronary syndrome); and d) heart failure (differentiate between right and left heart failure).
Specific kind of arteriosclerosis due to fibro-fatty lesions in
the wall of the artery that forms raised, thickened areas
(also called plaques).
PF:* older age
* family history (of premature CHD)
men before 45 & women before 55
* male gender
* smoking
* Hypertension
* Diabetes mellitus: high glucose
blood content becomes arterial wall
irritant; & blood sugar is high
because glucose can’t go into cells
so they break down fat & we see
high blood lipid levels.
* increased/high total cholesterol levels >200 mg/dL; low/ decreased HDL < 40mg/dL (the highest contributor)
Also possibly:
* obesity
* physical inactivity
* stress)
coronary heart disease/coronary artery disease (differentiate between chronic ischemic heart disease and acute coronary syndrome);
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)/Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)/Atherosclerotic heart disease (ASHD):
Chronic Ischemic Heart Disease. Caused by impaired blood flow in the artery.
-Usually caused by Atherosclerosis in the coronary artery
-The heart gets blood through the blood from the coronary arteries, so if the arteries are clogged, the heart muscle cells won’t get enough oxygen & will become ischemic or infarcted.
-Depending on which coronary artery is occluded, that will determine which areas of the heart will be damaged in a heart attack.
-Not as severe as acute
-Comes on more gradually
Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) -Comes on more quickly & is more severe.
-You don’t live with it forever, you either get rid of it, or you die.
