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circulatory Flashcards

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1
Q

what is blood composed of?

A
  1. Plasma: the liquid part
  2. Formed elements: the non-liquid
    part, consisting of erythrocytes
    (red blood cells), leucocytes
    (white blood cells) and
    thrombocytes (platelets).
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2
Q

what is the composition and function of plasma

A
  • the plasma is a mixture of water with dissolved substances such as sugar and salts.
  • the function is to transport the components of blood, including cells, nutrients, hormones, proteins, and antibodies, throughout the body.
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3
Q

describe erythrocytes

A

also known as red blood cells, are the most abundant cells in the body
- biconcave shape: flattened in the middle on both sides.
- no nucleus : increases flexibility hence their ability to move through blood vessels. lack of nucleus limits their lifespan to 120 days on average.

function: transport oxygen from longs to the cells throughout the body.

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4
Q

describe leucocytes

A

also known as white blood cells, protect the body from infection.
- larger than RBC
- make up 1% of the blood

5 different types of leucocytes with different functions
- Neutrophils
- Monocytes
- Lymphocytes
- Basophils
- Eosinophils.

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5
Q

what are the two categories of leucocytes

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes

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6
Q

what are granulocytes and describe each type

A

Granulocytes are white blood cells (leukocytes) characterised by their multi lobed nuclei and cytoplasmic granules.

Basophils: produces herapin and histamine to defend the body against allergic reactions, parasites and bacteria

Eosinophils: respond inflammatory responses involving larger parasites ie. worms

Neutrophils: Contains enzymes to digest pathogens

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7
Q

what are agranulocytes and describe each type

A

Agranulocytes (nongranular leukocytes) are characterised by their agranular cytoplasm and spherical nucleus

Monocytes: Form other cells including macrophages that engulf the pathogens and aged/damaged cells by phagocytosis

Lymphocytes: Involved in the immune response

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8
Q

describe function and structure of thrombocytes

A

Thrombocytes, or platelets, are small
fragments of cells essential for blood clotting. When a blood vessel
is injured, the platelets adhere to the
lining and form a scaffold for the
coagulation of the blood to form a clot.

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9
Q

explain the transport of oxygen

A

oxygen is not very soluble so 3% is carried in blood plasma and 97% is combined with haemoglobin.
After entering the lungs, oxygen moves into the alveoli and passes into the capillaries, where it binds to haemoglobin in red blood cells. The heart then pumps this oxygen-rich blood through the arteries to all parts of the body. Once it reaches the cells, oxygen is released and used for energy. At the same time, carbon dioxide is picked up from the cells and carried back to the lungs to be exhaled.

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10
Q

what is haemoglobin

A

haemoglobin is the pigment in red blood cells that combines with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin. this happens when oxygen concentration is high and
oxyhaemoglobin breaks down when the oxygen concentration is low.

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11
Q

properties of oxygenated blood

A

high proportioin of oxyghaemoglobin, bright red colour

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12
Q

properties of deoxygenated blood

A

low proportion of oxyhaemoglobin, dark red colour

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13
Q

in what ways can CO2 be transported

A
  1. dissolving in plasma (7–8%)
  2. carbaminohaemoglobin (22%)
  3. bicarbonate ions (70%) in the plasma.
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14
Q

explain the transport of CO2

A

Carbon dioxide diffuses into
plasma due to the difference in
CO2 concentration in blood.
From here, it either combines
with the globin or reacts with
water to create carbonic acids
and then ionises into hydrogen
and bicarbonate ions.

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15
Q

how are nutrients and wastes transported

A

nutrients and wastes are dissolved and transported in the plasma.

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16
Q

how are inorganic nutrients transported?

A

inorganic nutrients are transported as ions. Some of the important ions dissolved in the blood plasma are sodium ions (Na+), calcium ions (Ca2+),
potassium ions (K+), chloride ions (Cl–) and iodide ions (I–).

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17
Q

what organic nutrients are dissolved in the plasma?

A

Organic nutrients dissolved in the blood plasma include glucose, vitamins, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol.

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18
Q

what are metabolic wastes?

A

Metabolic wastes are substances produced by the cells that cannot be used and would be harmful if allowed to accumulate

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19
Q

what the most important organic wastes transported in solution in the blood plasma?

A

creatinine, urea, and uric acid

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20
Q

what is the function of blood clotting and what is involved in this process

A

helps to minimise blood
loss and prevent infection after an
injury that causes damage to blood
vessels. It involves: Vasoconstriction, Platelet plug, Coagulation

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21
Q

what is hemostasis?

A

Hemostasis is the process of stopping bleeding and making a repair after an injury.

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22
Q

describe the process of hemostasis

A
  1. vasoconstriction: the muscles of the small arteries constrict immediately following the damage to reduce blood flow.
  2. platelet plug formation: the damage to the internal walls of blood vessels creating a rough surface for platelets to adhere to. these platelets attract additional platelets to form a plug or a scaffold for the blood to form a clot.
  3. coagulation: blood clotting involves the formation of a jelly like mass at the site of the wound and fibrin strands adhere to the plug to form an insoluble clot.
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23
Q

explain blood clotting

A

Clotting factors (chemical substances) present in the blood plasma initiate the
chemical process that forms the blood clot.

This results in the formation of fibrin, a mesh of long, stretchy protein fibres. Fibrin
traps blood cells, platelets and plasma, forming the clot.

The clot starts to contract (clot retraction), which pulls the edges of the broken
blood vessel together. As it contracts, the serum is squeezed out. This allows the
clot to dry and form a scab preventing infection.

If a clot forms inside a blood vessel it forms a thrombus. If a thrombus breaks loose
it can lodge in a vital blood vessel in the heart or brain causing a heart attack or
stroke.

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24
Q

what is the difference between hemostasis and blood clotting?

A

Hemostasis is the overall process of stopping bleeding, and blood clotting is a key part of that process (coagulation)

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25
structure and function of the heart
the heart is the pump that pushes the blood around the body it is located between the lungs in the mediastinum it is completely enclosed in a membrane called the pericardium which keeps the heart in place while also allowing it to move as it beats.
26
what muscle is the wall of the heart made of ?
cardiac muscle
27
state how many and the names of all the chambers of the heart
there are four chambers, two on each side 2 atria : right atrium and left atrium 2 ventricles: right ventricle and left ventricle
28
what are the function of the left and right atria?
left atrium receives blood from the lungs and passes blood to the left ventricle right atrium receives blood from the body and passes blood to the right ventricle
29
what are the function of the left and right ventricles?
left ventricle pushes blood to the body right ventricle pushes blood to the lungs
30
what part of the heart separates both sides of the heart
the septum
31
what is the function of heart valves
acts to stop the blood from flowing backwards
32
where are the valves located and name the TYPES of valves
between the atria and ventricles (atrioventricular valves) at the exit of the ventricles (semilunar valves)
33
how are the atrioventricular valves held in position
they are held in position by strong tendons which are flaps of thin tissue, called the chordaetendinae
34
name all the atrioventricular valves, their location and how many flaps or cusps they have
tricuspid valve - between right atrium and right ventricle, 3 flaps. mitral valve (bicuspid) - between left atrium and left ventricle, 2 flaps
35
name all the semilunar valves, their location and how many flaps or cusps they have
pulmonary valve - between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, 3 flaps aortic valve - between the left ventricle and the aorta, 3 flaps
36
what is circulation
the continuous movement of blood flow through out the heart and the body
37
what are blood vessels
Blood vessels are channels that carries the blood to the cells of the body or the lungs, and then bring it back to the heart again
38
what are the three main types of blood vessels
arteries, capillaries, and veins
39
describe function and structure of arteries
- arteries carry blood away from the heart - mostly oxygenated blood except for the pulmonary artery - they have thick, muscular walls, smooth muscle - no valves except near the heart - blood pressure is high - lumen space is narrower - they are located deeper in the body - have an elastic layer in the middle layer of the arterial wall very large arteries that receive blood pumped by ventricles divide into smaller arteries, then smaller into arterioles, then finally these arterioles supply blood to smaller blood vessels, capillaries
40
describe function and structure of veins
- Veins carry blood towards the heart. -They usually carry oxygen-poor blood, except for the pulmonary vein, which carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs. - The blood pressure in veins is low. - Veins have thin walls that are not as muscular as arteries. - They have valves that stop the blood from flowing backward. -The space inside a vein (called the lumen) is wide. -Veins are usually found closer to the skin. -have a very thin elastic layer compared to arteries capillaries going into venules which join into larger veins.
41
what are names of the major veins
inferior vena cava: brings deoxygenated blood from the lower body superior vena cava: brings blood deoxygenated from upper body pulmonary veins: four veins 2 from each lung that bring oxygenated blood back to the left atrium
42
what is the largest artery?
the aorta which takes blood from the left ventricle to the body.
43
function of the pulmonary arter
takes deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for gas exchange
44
what is vasoconstriction
decrease in diameter of blood vessels, restricting blood flow
45
what is vasodialation
increase in diameter of blood vessels, increasing blood flow
46
What are capillaries and what is their function?
capillaries are the link between teh arteries and veins. tehya re microscopic blood vessels that form a network to carry blood close to every cell in the body which enables cells to get their requirements from the blood and pass their waste into the blood.
47
how does the structure of a capillary benefit its function
Capillary walls have only one layer of cells, which allows substances to pass easily between the blood and the surrounding cells.
48
what are the two ways blood flow can change
by changing the output of blood from the heart by changing the diameter of the blood vessels supplying the tissues.
49
what is the cardiac cycle
The cardiac cycle, or heartbeat, is the sequence of events that occurs in one complete beat of the heart
50
describe systole
it is the pumping phase of the cycle, where the heart muscle contracts and pushes the blood.
51
describe diastole
the filling phase where the muscle relaxes
52
can both atria and ventricles be in diastole?
yes for a short period of time they can. during this phase the atria will fill with blood and the ventricles also receive blood because the valves between them are open.
53
describe atrial systol
Atrial systole, the contraction of the atria, then follows and forces the remaining blood into the ventricles. The atria then relax and refill while the ventricles contract in ventricular systole.
54
describe ventricular systole
Ventricular systole forces blood into the arteries. Although the left and right sides of the heart are two pumps, they operate together. Both atria contract simultaneously, as do both ventricles.
55
explain the pulmonary circulation
The pulmonary circulation takes deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium. The right ventricle is the pump for the pulmonary circulation.
56
explain the systemic circulation
takes oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to all the tissues of the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium. The left ventricle is the pump for the systemic circulation.
57
what is heart rate
The heart rate is the number of times the heart beats per minute
58
what is the stroke volume
stroke volume is the volume of blood forced from a ventricle of the heart with each contraction.
59
how do you calculate cardiac output
Cardiac output (mL/min)= stroke volume (mL) × heart rate (bpm)
60
what is the surface of red blood cells coated in
sugar and protein molecules that are able to stimulate the immune system. these molecules are called antigens and the protein produced is called an antibody
61
what do the antibody and antigen combine to form
a complex and cause a reaction.
62
what blood groupings are particularly important in blood transfusions
ABO and Rh groupings
63
what two antigens are involved in ABO classification?
the two antigens involved in ABO classification are antigen A and B on the surface of red blood cells, a person may have either antigen, both antigens, or neither of them.
64
which antigens correspond to which blood group
antigen A - group A antigen B - group B both antigens - group AB neither antigens - group O
65
what is a persons blood group determined by
a persons ability to make specific antigens and their blood group is determined by DNA therefore it is inherited.
66
identify the antibodies, antigens and compatibility in emergency of blood type A
antibodies in plasma: anti- B antigen: antigen A compatibility: A,O
67
identify the antibodies, antigens and compatibility in emergency of blood type B
antibodies in plasma: anti- A antigen: antigen A compatibility: A,O
68
identify the antibodies, antigens and compatibility in emergency of blood type AB
antibodies in plasma: none antigen: antigen AB compatibility: All blood groups
69
identify the antibodies, antigens and compatibility in emergency of blood type O
antibodies in plasma: anti-A and anti-B antigen: none compatibility: O only
70
explain the rhesus blood group system
The Rhesus blood group system is also based on antigens that occur on the surface of the red blood cells. Rh antigens are proteins. A person with Rh antigens is Rh positive. cannot produce anti-Rh antibody a person without these antigens is Rh negative. this person can produce anti-Rh antibody.
71
explain blood transfusions
It involves blood, or a blood product, from a donor being injected directly into the patient’s bloodstream. For most transfusions it is necessary to match the ABO and Rh blood groups of the donor and the recipient.
72
which blood group is the universal recipient
AB+
73
which blood group is the universal donor
O
74
who can blood transfusions be given to
A blood transfusion can be given to a person suffering from excessive blood loss, some types of anaemia, leukaemia, haemophilia or other conditions
75
what is an acute haemolytic reaction
a severe transfusion reaction that occurs within 24 hours of a blood transfusion. It's caused by the body's immune system attacking and destroying donor RBCs, due to a mismatch in blood type or other incompatibility.
76
explain what happens during this reaction
the RBCs break down. Blood clotting may occur throughout your body, shutting off the blood supply to vital organs or causing a stroke. Too much blood clotting can use up clotting factors and leave you at risk of excessive bleeding. products released from broken-down blood cells can cause kidney damage and possibly kidney failure.
77
can acute haemolytic reactions be life threatening
An ABO incompatibility reaction can be life-threatening unless your doctor successfully treats it right away.
78
what are the different types of blood transfusions
Whole blood Red cell concentrates Platelet concentrates Cryoprecipitate Immunoglobulins Autologous transfusion
79
describe whole blood transfusion
Transfuses all components of blood, including red blood cells, plasma, white blood cells, and platelets. Used in severe blood loss or major trauma.
80
describe red cell concentrates transfusion
Contains only red blood cells. Used for treating anemia or restoring oxygen-carrying capacity.
81
describe platelet concentrates transfusion
Contains platelets to help blood clot. Used for patients with low platelet counts or clotting disorders.
82
describe Cryoprecipitate transfusion
A plasma product rich in clotting factors. Used to treat conditions like hemophilia or severe bleeding.
83
describe immunoglobins
Contains antibodies to boost the immune system. Used for immune deficiencies or certain infections.
84
describe autologous transfusion
The patient donates their own blood before surgery. Used to reduce the risk of reactions or infections.

Human bio (10 decks)

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