Circulatory

Question 0

Which layer of Tunica is Thicker in arteries

Answer 0

Tunica media

Question 1

Three layers of blood vessels

Answer 1

Tunica externa, tunica media, Tunica interna

Question 2

What two things help Venous blood return to heart

Answer 2

Respiratory pump and muscle contractions

Question 3

Three types of capillaries

Answer 3

Continuous fenestrated discontinuous

Question 4

Where are continuous capillaries found

Answer 4

Skin muscles CNS lungs

Question 5

Where are fenestrated capillaries found

Answer 5

Kidneys endocrine system intestines

Question 6

Where are discontinuous capillaries found

Answer 6

Liver spleen bone marrow

Question 7

What makes up the formed elements of the blood

Answer 7

White blood cells red blood cells platelets

Leukocytes, erythrocytes, thrombocytes

Question 8

What makes a plasma

Answer 8

Water proteins electrolytes antibodies and hormones

Question 9

Three plasma proteins

Answer 9

Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

Question 10

Albumins function

Answer 10

Provide osmotic pressure, draw water from tissues into blood

Question 11

Globulins function and types

Answer 11

Alpha and beta globulins transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins. Gamma globulin’s are antibodies

Question 12

Describe hemoglobins structure

Answer 12

For protein chains called globulins, each bound to 1 heme molecule

Question 13

Two types of white blood cells

Answer 13

Granular leukocytes and a granular leukocytes

Question 14

Three types of granular leukocytes

Answer 14

Neutrophils eosinophils and basophils

Question 15

Two types of a granular leukocytes

Answer 15

Lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 16

Three functions of platelets and platelet life length

Answer 16

Release serotonin, reduced blood flow to clot area, secrete growth factors to maintain integrity of blood vessel wall

Survive 5–9 days

Question 17

Name three types of the hematopoiesis where these can occur and what each are stimulated by

Answer 17

Erythropoieses- stimulated by erythropoietin
Leukopoiesis- stimulated by cytokines
Platelet formation- stimulated
by thrombopoieten
occur in myloid tissue (red bone marrow) and lymphoid tissue

Question 18

Erythropoiesis – stages of formation

Answer 18

Erythropoietin which is released from the kidney binds to proerythroblasts > become erythroblast which becomes normoblast which becomes reticulocyte which is released into blood on third day and matures into erythrocyte

Question 19

Blood clotting – scientific name, three major mechanisms

Answer 19

Vasoconstriction, the formation of a platelet plug, the production of a web of fibrin proteins that penetrates and surrounds the platelet plug

Question 20

Describe platelet plug formation

Answer 20

Platelets exposed to collagen stick to the collagen and are bound more soundly with the help of von Willebrand’s factor. The platelets degranulate and release their secretory products which are ADP, serotonin, and thromboxane a2 – This is known as platelet release reaction. The ADP and thromboxane A2 recruit new platelets and make them sticky.

Question 21

Describe relationship between fibrin and platelet plug

Answer 21

Platelets activate clotting factors that convert fibrinogen into fibrin. The fibrinogen in the fibrin bind to binding sites on the platelets to strengthen platelet plug.

Question 22

Describe the extrinsic pathway

Answer 22

The shortcut pathway. Activated by tissue thromboplastin, clotting factor three, which activates factor seven. Factor seven then forms the seven complex which consists of factor seven, factor three, calcium and phospholipids. the factor seven complex then activated factor 10 in the common pathway

Question 23

Describe the intrinsic pathway

Answer 23

Activated by contact with negative surface. Factor seven becomes activated which activates factor 11 which activates factor nine which then forms the factor eight complex which consists of factor eight, Factor nine, calcium, and phospholipids. This then activates factor 10 in the common pathway

Question 24

Describe the common pathway

Answer 24

Activated factor 10 forms the five complex which consists of factor five factor 10, calcium, and phospholipids. This activates the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin which then activate the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin which then with the help of factor 13 forms fibrin polymers

Question 25

Describe clot retraction

Answer 25

After fibrin binds to platelets to form plug the clock retracts to form a small tight plug. Serum is squeezed from the plug

Question 26

Describe dissolution of clots

Answer 26

Factor 12 promotes formation of kallikrein which converts plasminogen to Plasmin. Plasmin digest fibrin and dissolve the clot

Question 27

Identify the two functions of the lymphatic system

Answer 27

Protection and transport interstitial fluid back to blood and fat from small intestine into the blood

Question 28

Describe the function of lymph system

Answer 28

Lymph capillaries absorb excess interstitial fluid proteins, dead white blood cells, And fat and filters them through lymph ducts. Fluid is moved through lymph system by peristaltic waves generated by own action potential lymph ducks eventually empty into one of the two principal vessels – the thoracic duct or the right lymphatic duct. These ducks then drain the limp into the right or left subclavian vein

Question 29

Sites of lymphocyte production

Answer 29

Lymph nodes, tonsils, sinus, and spleen

Question 30

Electrical impulses travel in the heart

Answer 30

SA node to AV node to AV bundle (bundle of His)to Purkinje fibers

Question 31

EKG correlation with electrical activity in heart

Answer 31

P-wave corresponds with atrial depolarization QRS complex correlates with ventricular depolarization T-wave correlates with ventricular repolarization

Question 32

Heart sounds correlation with electrical activity of heart

Answer 32

First heart sound lub correlates with ventricular systole so the QRS complex, and second heart sound dub correlates with ventricular diastole so the t wave