Circulatory And Respitory

Question 1

What is diffusion across membranes

Answer 1

Exchanging CO2 and O2 are essential for animal life.

Question 2

How thick should membranes be for diffusion to occur?

Answer 2

Membranes can’t be thicker than 1mm for diffusion to occur

Question 3

Who has the more efficient lung system between mammals and birds?

Answer 3

Birds

Question 4

What ventilation do most cartilaginous fishes use?

Answer 4

Ram ventilation

Question 5

What is diffusion driven by?

Answer 5

Difference in o2 and co2 concentrations on 2 sides of membranes and relative solubilities in plasma membrane

Question 6

What mammal is the respiratory champion?

Answer 6

Elephant seals

Question 7

How long can elephant seals hold their breath

Answer 7

Over 2 hours

Question 8

Why are elephant seals the respiratory champion

Answer 8

Holds breath for over 2 hrs
Descend and ascends rapidly repeatedly
Can dive great depths

Question 9

How do amphibians

Answer 9

They respire across their skin

Question 10

What type of papulae do echinoderms have?

Answer 10

Protruding papulae

Question 11

How do gases diffuse?

Answer 11

Directly into unicellular organisms

Question 12

What are the 2 main disadvantages of gills

Answer 12

Must constantly move to ensure contact with oxygen rich fresh water

Easily damaged

Question 13

What lungs are more efficient between fish and salamanders

Answer 13

Fish lungs

Question 14

What vertebrate has the most efficient breathing?

Answer 14

Birds

Question 15

What direction are bird lungs

Answer 15

1 direction lungs

Question 16

What do branchial chambers do?

Answer 16

Provide means of pumping water past stationary gills

Draw water in and pass it over gills

Question 17

Where does the branchial chamber lie in crustaceans

Answer 17

Between bulk of body and hard exoskeleton of animal

Question 18

What do many amphibians use for gas exchange?

Answer 18

Cutaneous respiration

Question 19

What are spiracles

Answer 19

Openings in exoskeleton that can be opened or closed by valves

Question 20

Why were gills replaced in terrestrial animals?

Answer 20

Air is less supportive than water

Water evaporates

Question 21

What terrestrial animal is the only one without a 2 way flow system

Answer 21

Birds

Question 22

How do lungs minimize evaporation?

Answer 22

By moving air through a branched tubular passage

Question 23

What is more efficient countercurrent or concurrent?

Answer 23

Countercurrent

Question 24

How does hemoglobin form oxyhemoglobin

Answer 24

Loading up with oxygen in lungs

Question 25

How many polypeptide chains are hemoglobin consist of

Answer 25

4 polypeptide chains

Question 26

What are the 4 polypeptide chains

Answer 26

2 a | 2 b

Question 27

How is deoxyhemoglobin formed

Answer 27

Molecules losing o2 as blood passes through capillaries

Question 28

At blood PO2 of 100 mm hg what percentage of saturation is hemoglobin

Answer 28

97% saturated

Question 29

What PO2 is the blood that returns to the lungs of a person at rest?

Answer 29

About 40 mm Hg less

Question 30

What is hemoglobin affinity for O2 affected by

Answer 30

pH and temperature

Question 31

What is the pH effect known as

Answer 31

The Bohr shift

Question 32

What is the Bohr shift

Answer 32

Increased CO2 in blood increased H+ Results in shift of oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right Facilitates oxygen unloading

Question 33

How much CO2 is in blood is dissolved in plasma?

Answer 33

8%

Question 34

How is carbon dioxide transported

Answer 34

8% dissolved in plasma 20% of CO2 is bound to hemoglobin Remaining 72% is diffused into red blood cells

Question 35

What is the major function of hemoglobin

Answer 35

To carry oxygen from lungs to tissues and return carbon dioxide from tissue to lungs

Question 36

What is the function of myoglobin

Answer 36

Carries oxygen molecules to muscle tissues

Question 37

Why do most cartilageneous fishes use ram ventilation?

Answer 37

To flow water across gills through mouth

Question 38

Why do some bony fish switch from buccal pumping to ram ventilation at high speeds?

Answer 38

It is more efficient while swimming

Question 39

What is buccal pumping

Answer 39

Pumping water through mouth and over gills

Question 40

Oxyhemoglobin vs deoxyhemoglobin

Answer 40

Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin combined with oxygen | Deoxyhemoglobin has released its oxygen

Question 41

What is vasoconstriction

Answer 41

Narrowing of blood vessels resulting from contraction of muscular wall of vessels

Question 42

What is vasodilation

Answer 42

The widening of blood vessels

Question 43

What is the haldane effect?

Answer 43

The oxygenation of blood in lungs displaces CO2 from hemoglobin which increases removal of CO2

Question 44

What is also carried by hemoglobin

Answer 44

Nitric oxide | Carbon monoxide