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Circulatory & Hemodynamic disorder Flashcards

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1
Q

What is edema?

A

H2O shifts from intravascular / intracellular to the interstitial space

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2
Q

What is hyperemia?

A

Active increase in flow

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3
Q

What is congestion?

A

Decreased out flow
Increased venous hydrostatic pressure

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4
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

A physiological response to seal an injured vessel and prevent bleeding

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5
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

Blood clots that blocks blood flow

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6
Q

What is embolus?

A

Abnormal detached traveling intravascular mass

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7
Q

What is infarction?

A

Area of Necrosis after blood flow decreased

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8
Q

What is shock?

A

Cardiovascular collapse / failure of circulation

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9
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

Hydrostatic pressure is the force created the pumping of the heart that pushes plasma out to interstitial place

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10
Q

Arrange the following by highest hydrostatic pressure to lowest.
Arteries / Capillaries / Veins

A

Arteries > Capillaries > Veins

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11
Q

What is colloid osmotic pressure?

A

Colloid osmotic pressure is the force that holds water in the vessel, mainly by Albumin & sodium

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12
Q

Which factor mainly determines the difference between exudate and transudate?

A

Membrane permeability

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13
Q

Determine if the following factors has to increase or decrease in order to causes edema.
Vascular permeability
Intravascular hydrostatic pressure
Intravascular osmotic pressure
Lymphatic drainage

A

Vascular permeability (I)
Intravascular hydrostatic pressure (I)
Intravascular osmotic pressure (D)
Lymphatic drainage (D)

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14
Q

What is effusions?

A

Increased fluid in body cavities

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15
Q

What is anasarca?

A

Total body edema

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16
Q

What does left and right heart failure cause?

A

Left heart failure : Lung edema
Right heart failure : Ascites

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17
Q

Why causes cardiac edema?
And how to stop it?

A

Left heart failure
-> Lung edema
-> Right heart failure
-> Ascites
-> Reduced blood pressure in arteries
-> Renin - angiotensin

Drugs that promote urine production breaks the cycle of keeping fluid in the body

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18
Q

What causes hepatic edema?

A

Portal hypertension
Hypoalbuminemia : Reduce albumin production

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19
Q

What causes Renal edema?

A

Sodium retention
Glomerulopathy
->Leakage of protein through glomerulus
-> Hypoalbuminemia

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20
Q

Which bacteria could release toxin that destroy endothelial cells and causes exudate?

A

E. coli

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21
Q

What are the 5 types of congestions?

A

Acute local congestion
Chronic local congestion
Acute general congestion
Chronic general congestion
Hypostatic congestion

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22
Q

What causes acute local congestion?

A

Torsion

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23
Q

What happens where spleen had congestion before?

A

Spleen enlargement
Hemosiderin-laden macrophage
Brown induration ( Fibrosis )
Siderotic plaques

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24
Q

What causes chronic local congestion?

A

Tumor, abscess, cirrhosis (Hard liver)

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25
What causes acute general congestion?
Acute heart failure Hydrothorax
26
What causes chronic general congestion?
Chronic heart disease
27
What happens to Liver after right heart failed?
Liver congestion
28
Explain liver congestion
Vena cava congestion causes congestion in central vein Central vein area receives less O2 than portal triad due to the presence of hepatic artery
29
What is the difference in lung between acute general congestion and chronic general congestion?
Acute general congestion : Lung edema Chronic general congestion : Hemosiderin-laden macrophages
30
What are the 3 components for hemostasis?
Endothelium & ECM Platelets Coagulation factor
31
What are the 3 main groups of coagulative factor?
Contact group: HMWK (High molecular weight kininogen) Vitamin K dependent group Fibrinogen group
32
What are the function of endothelium, normal (3) & after injury (2)
Normal -> Anti - platelets -> Anti - coagulant -> Pro - fibrinolytic After injury -> Pro - thrombotic -> Anti - fibrinolytic
33
Steps for hemostasis
Transient vasoconstriction -> Reduce blood loss Platelet aggregation -> primary hemostasis (ECM, platelets) Coagulation to form mesh work of fibrin -> Secondary hemostasis (Endothelium, TF, platelets membrane, coagulative factors, Ca++) Fibrinolysis to remove plug and repair (Endothelium, Plasminogen -> Plasmin (removes fibrin) -> Thrombomodulin)
34
What are the 3 coagulation inhibitors?
Protein C - protein S - thrombomodulin system Antithrombin lll binds on heparin sulfate TFPI ( Tissue factor pathway inhibitor )
35
What are the 3 steps in fibrinolytic system?
tPA ( Tissue plasminogen activator ) -> Plasminogen => Plasmin Degradation cross-link fibrin -> FDP ( Fibrin degradation products ) by plasmin FDP inhibits thrombin & platelet aggregation
36
What are the 2 fibrinolytic inhibitors?
PAI -1 ( Plasminogen activator inhibitor -1 ) Antiplasmins
37
What are the 4 disorders of hemostasis?
Septicemic disease Hepatic damage Vitamin K related Thrombocytopenia
38
What is the name of vitamin C related hemorrhage? And its mechanisms?
Scurvy X Procollagen => Fibril -> Weak vessels
39
What is the definition of hematoma?
Hemorrhage within organs
40
What is Warfarin poisoning?
Excessive amount of anticoagulant medication warfarin
41
Which disease causes cyanosis and hemorrhage in pigs?
African swine fever
42
What causes petechial hemorrhage in kidneys ( Turkey egg kidney )?
Hog Chloera ( Classical swine fever )
43
Why is arterial thrombus less life threatening than venous thrombus?
Arterial thrombus usually develops in the same direction as the blood flow due to the faster blood flow, this means that thrombus will be less likely to block the whole pathway
44
Why is arterial thrombus more pale than venous thrombus?
RBC within arteries are less likely to be caught within the thrombus due to faster blood flow
45
What is the line that alternates between fibrin and platelets found in early thrombus?
Line of Zahn
46
What mainly causes venous thrombus?
Chronic heart failure
47
What are the difference between thrombus and postmortem clotting?
Thrombus are attached to the wall of vessels so it is difficult to pull out
48
What is the different fate of small / medium / large thrombi?
Small : removed by fibrinolysis -> plasmin Medium : removed by phagocytosis Large : fibroblast invasion + recanalization of capillaries
49
What is DIC?
Coagulation in all capillaries
50
Why does animals with DIC loses the ability to coagulate properly when there is a wound?
Coagulation factor are used all around the body so they are insufficient amount of them to coagulate properly
51
How to differentiate between DIC & amyloidosis in glomerulus?
Congo red staining for amyloid
52
Which of the following is a form of embolism? Bacterial emboli Tumor cell emboli Fat / bone emboli Air emboli Parasitic emboli Amniotic fluid
ALL :DDDD Bacterial : Many many neutrophil Fat / bone : Long bone fracture ( Cells in bone marrow get into blood after accidents) Air : Dave the diver ( CO2 becomes air after leaving high pressure area ) Parasitic : Dirofilaria immitis
53
What are the two types of infarcts?
Hemorrhage & Anemia
54
What are the difference in color for hemorrhagic infarct & anemic infarct?
Red & White
55
Which 2 organs have dual vascular supply?
Lung, liver
56
Match the correct organ ( Lungs / Spleen / Kidney ) into ( Red infarct / White infarct ) and explain why.
Red infarct : Lung White infarct : Spleen / Kidney Lung has rich blood supply so when a vessel is blocked, blood supply is not completely cut off. However, blood will continue to enter the infarcted tissue ( Hemorrhage ) can causes a red appearance -> Red infarct Spleen and kidney has a single dominant blood supply ( End arteries ), and if it is blocked, the lack of oxygenated blood -> White infarct
57
What 4 organs have end arteries?
Kidney, spleen, heart, brain
58
What are the 2 causes for red infarcts due to venous obstruction
Mass : Tumor, abscess Torsion
59
What is the 2 similarities of splenic infarct and renal infarct?
End arteries obstruction Triangular shape necrosis
60
Which parasite causes intestinal infarct?
Strongylus
61
What happens when cardiovascular collapse?
Shock -> Systemic hypoperfusion of tissue
62
Which of the following are the causes of shock? Hypovolemic Cardiac Septic & Toxic Neurogenic Anaphylatic
Hypovolemic : Vomiting, diarrhea Cardiac : Chronic heart failure (Both hypovolemic & cardiac : Lowered output) Septic & Toxic : LPS, DIC Neurogenic : Loss of vascular tone Anaphylactic : IgE mediated vasodilation
63
What are the name of the two shock stages?
Non progressive / Compensated stage Progressive stage
64
What are the mechanisms in compensated shock stage?
Release of catecholamines ( Sympathetic ) Activation of renin - angiotensin - aldosterone axis -> Lower cardiac output -> Compensation from body ( Increase blood pressure, increase heart rate )
65
What are the effects from the mechanisms in compensated shock stage?
Tachycardia Peripheral vasoconstriction Cutaneous vasoconstriction -> Pale skin color and cold skin Renal fluid conservation
66
What happens in our body during progressive stage?
Tissue hypoperfusion -> Hypoxia --->Metabolic lactic acidosis -----> Clumping of DNA -----> Organelle damage -----> Sudden vasodilation of capillaries -------> Cardiac output (D even more)
67
What happens when irreversible shock stage?
Dead even hemodynamic defects are corrected
68
What are the order of shock? Progressive, compensated, normal, irreversible
Normal > Compensated > Progressive > Irreversible
69
What happens with cardiac output in different shock stages?
Compensated (High) Progressive (D) Irreversible (byebye)
70
What happens with cardiac rate in different shock stages?
Compensated (High) Progressive (High) Irreversible (byebye)
71
What happens with vital perfusion in different shock stages?
Compensated (Normal) Progressive (Normal) Irreversible (byebye)
72
What happens with non vital perfusion in different shock stages?
Compensated (D) Progressive (D) Irreversible (byebye)
73
What happens with oxidative - phosphorylation in different shock stages?
Compensated ( Normal (high) ) Progressive (D) Irreversible (byebye)
74
What happens with glycolysis in different shock stages?
Compensated ( Normal (low) ) Progressive (I) Irreversible (byebye)

Pathology (5 decks)

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