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Biology Finals > Circulatory + Respiratory System (Ch 19 & 20) > Flashcards

Circulatory + Respiratory System (Ch 19 & 20) Flashcards

1
Q

invertebrates (molluscs + arthoropods) have what kind of circulatory system

A

open circulatory system

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2
Q

describe process of open circulatory system

A

=Blood is pumped out of open-ended vessels to bathe organs

=Nutrients diffuse out of blood into body cells
=Pores allow blood to be drawn back into heart @ relaxed state

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3
Q

how does crayfish use open circulatory system

A

heart pumps blood out of opening of circulatory vessels bathe all of its cells

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4
Q

animals and humans have what kind of circulatory system

A

closed circulatory system

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5
Q

how does closed circulatory system work

A

Heart pumps blood through closed system of blood vessels

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6
Q

2 types of closed circulatory system and exampples

A

single = fish
double = humans

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7
Q

how many chambers does heart have

A

4 (2 atria and 2 ventricles)

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8
Q

size of heart

A

fist

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9
Q

what does red and blue represent in heart

A

red = oxygenated (high oxygen, low CO2) and blue is vice versa

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10
Q

2 circuits that blood gets pumped

A
  1. Pulmonary = carries blood b/w hearts + lungs
  2. Systemic = carries blood b/w heart + rest of the organs and tissues
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11
Q

is heart single or double pump and why

A

double
This is to create pressure needed to get O2 + nutrients to all body cells
Take up wastes for elimination

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12
Q

2 major parts of human circulatory system

A

heart + blood cells (arteries + veins)

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13
Q

does arteries carry blood away or towards heart

A

away

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14
Q

is left side pump oxygenated or deoxygenated

A

oxygenated

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15
Q

blood leaves heart from _ and returns via _

A

ventricles, atria

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16
Q

Pulmonary arteries
function

A

Only arteries that transport deoxygenated blood / blood flow in oxygen from heart into lungs

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17
Q

pulmonary veins function

A

Only veins that transport oxygenated blood from lungs into heart

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18
Q

location of heart

A

under breastbone or sternum

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19
Q

valve function

A

ensures that blood only goes one direction

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20
Q

2 types of valve

A

tricuspid and bicuspid

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21
Q

Tricuspid valve location

A

(right atrioventricular valve) = valve b/w right atrium + ventricle

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22
Q

Bicuspid valve location

A

(left atrioventricular valve, mitral valve)

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23
Q

why is pulmonary veins thin

A

blood only goes to lungs (short loop)

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24
Q

pulmonary trunk function

A

carry blood into lungs

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25
Q

Chordae tendineae function

A

cords of tissues that holds valve in place

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26
Q

what happens to valve returning form tissues fills atria

A

blood pressure on these valves forces them to open into ventricles (which then fills blood)
Ventricles contracts
Blood pressures forces valves to close

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27
Q

ensure u know the 7 steps of pulmonary circuit

A

refer to google doc notes

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28
Q

2 main veins that carry deoxygenated back to heart:

A

1) Superior / anterior vena cava (carries blood from upper body)

2)Inferior / posterior vena cava (brings blood from lower body)

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29
Q

where does vena cava drain

A

Both drain into RA which pumps to RV and 2 circuits repeated

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30
Q

aorta function

A

delivers blood to rest of body tissues via arteries

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31
Q

function of capillary beds

A

where gas exchange b/w CO2 and O2 happen

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32
Q

Capillaries are only made of one layer, what is this layer?

A

thin wall of endothelial cells

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33
Q

3 layers of blood vessels

A

Tunica Intima
Media
Adventitia

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34
Q

Tunica Intima layer

A

=Innermost layer surrounds central space of vessel through which blood flows (lumen)
=Made of single layer of endothelium =
=provides smooth lining that allows blood flow easily

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35
Q

Media layer

A

=Middle layer made up of layers of smooth muscle cells + elastic fibres
=Muscle cells can relax + contract
=Makes lumen bigger / smaller
=Elastin = allows blood vessel to stretch + recoil

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36
Q

Adventitia layer

A

=Outer layer made of connective tissues w/ fibres
=Layer protects blood vessel, attaches it to surrounding structures
=Allows vessel to stretch + recoil

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37
Q

blood is a type of what tissue

A

connective b/c it has cells

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38
Q

blood consists of cells and what liquid

A

plasma

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39
Q

3 types of blood

A
  1. RBC (erythrocytes_
  2. WBC (leukocytes)
  3. platelets
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40
Q

what causes anemia

A

low amnt of RBC or hemoglobin

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41
Q

WBC function

A

fight infections

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42
Q

platelets function

A

blood clotting

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43
Q

2 main types of arteries

A

Elastic arteries
muscular arteries

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44
Q

Elastic arteries function (4)

A

=Include aorta + branches
=Close to heart so experiences greatest pressure as heart contracts
=Contracts = elastic tissue of arteries allows them to expand
=Relaxes: recoils

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45
Q

Muscular arteries
function

A

Has mostly smooth muscle in middle layer
Deliver blood to organs of body

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46
Q

where does blood pressure drop rapidly

A

arterioles

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47
Q

term for when arteries branch into smaller blood vessels

A

arterioles

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48
Q

what is Smallest + thinnest vessels
Arranged in capillary beds

A

capillaries

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49
Q

capillaries link what

A

Link arterioles + venules

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50
Q

what is capillaries made of

A

thin layer of endothelium
Allows exchange of materials b/w blood and cells

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51
Q

what Carry blood to veins

A

venules

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52
Q

what returns blood to heart

A

veins

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53
Q

what is veins made of

A

joined venules

54
Q

do veins experience high or low blood pressure

A

low

55
Q

valves purpose

A

Prevent backflow

56
Q

what happens if valves is damaged

A

blood ends up pulling in stretched veins

57
Q

When LV contracts:

A

Surges pressure in arteries + forces their elastic walls to stretch

58
Q

When LV relax:

A

Arteries recoil + push blood onward

59
Q

blood pressure is measured in 2 numbers, what are they

A

Diastolic
Systolic

60
Q

Systolic

A

Force on artery walls when heart is contracting (systole)

61
Q

Diastolic

A

Force when heart is relaxing (diastole)

62
Q

typical blood pressure is

A

120/80

63
Q

Hypertension

A

high blood pressure high readings (heart attack or stroke)

64
Q

blood functions (3)

A

Transportation
Regulation
Protection

65
Q

where does nutrients and oxygen get transported

A

enters blood stream + distributed to cells

66
Q

why does blood need to be regulated

A

homeostasis

67
Q

where does Metabolic wastes + CO2 get transported

A

blood to kidneys (wastes) and lungs (CO2) for elimination

68
Q

where does hormones get transported

A

by blood to their target organs or tissues

69
Q

other term for RBC

A

erythrocytes

70
Q

Erythropoiesis meaning

A

process of erythrocytes continually being produced in bone marrow

71
Q

function and shape of RBC

A

Small biconcave cells
Shape: greate SA for gas exchange
Transport O2
Contain hemoglobin: increases amount of O2 that blood can carry

72
Q

other term for WBC

A

leukocytes

73
Q

identification of WBC

A

shape, size of nucleus, presence / absence of granules in cytoplasm

74
Q

where does wbc get produced

A

stem cells of bone marrow

75
Q

Wright’s stain

A

dye that gives structures a colour in each type of cell

76
Q

Leukemia

A

dividing WBC uncontrollably

77
Q

2 groups of WBC

A

Granulocytes (Have small cytoplasmic granules )
Agranulocytes group (Lack granules)

78
Q

what are the 5 types of WBC under the two groups

A

Granulocytes group (neutrophils. Eosinophils, basophils)

Agranulocytes group (monocytes + lymphocytes)

79
Q

2 common types of leukocytes

A

Neutrophils + monocytes

80
Q

Neutrophils + monocytes function

A

Destroy microbes
Engulf invader but also destroy WBC itself

81
Q

Lymphocytes function (leukocytes)

A

Produce antibodies to destroy pathogens
Preserve memory of pathogen for future invasion

82
Q

other term for platelets

A

thorombocytes

83
Q

where does platelets form

A

blood marrow

84
Q

prothrombin function

A

plasma protein to transform into thrombin (act as enzyme) which converts fibrinogen into fibrin threads
Fibrin threads form a mesh to trap RBC

85
Q

blood clot purpose

A

Maintains homeostasis
Preventing blood loss

86
Q

what does plasma carry

A

nutrients (glucose, fatty acid, vitamins), salts, wastes

87
Q

3 groups of plasma

A
  1. albumin
  2. globin
    3.fibrogens
88
Q

Albumin

A
  • work w/ salts to create osmotic pressure that draws water back into capillaries for homeostasis
89
Q

Globin

A
  • produce antibodies for immune response
90
Q

Fibrinogens

A

essential for blood clotting

91
Q

3 respiratory system function

A

breathing
Transport of gasses by circulatory system
Exchange of gasses w/ body cells

92
Q

pathway of air in respiratory

A

Oral cavity
Pharynx
Larynx

93
Q

what is cause of stroke

A

rupture or blockage of arteries in head
smoking, poor diet, high blood pressure

94
Q

how does heart attack occur

A

blockage of coronary arteries (no blood supply)

95
Q

what is cause of atherosclerosis (cardiovasculular disease)

A

caused by growths of plaques that develop on inner wall of arteries (blood clot trapped)

95
Q

what is cause of atherosclerosis (cardiovasculular disease)

A

caused by growths of plaques that develop on inner wall of arteries (blood clot trapped)

96
Q

what is cause of atherosclerosis (cardiovasculular disease)

A

caused by growths of plaques that develop on inner wall of arteries (blood clot trapped)

97
Q

what is varicose veins caused by

A

mechanical stress, aging, genetic

98
Q

how does direction of blood flow change in varicose vein

A

blood flow in both direction

99
Q

superior vena cava: blood goes from __ to __

A

upper body, RA

100
Q

INFERIOR vena cava: blood goes from _ to _

A

lower body,RA

101
Q

pulmonary trunk: blood goes from _ to _

A

RV, lungs

102
Q

Aorta: blood goes from _ to _

A

LV, upper and lower body (oxygenated)

103
Q

pulmonary veins: blood goes from _ to _

A

lungs, LA (oxygenated)

104
Q

5 steps of blood flow

A
  1. RV -> LUNGS
  2. LUNGS: gas exchange (loads O2 and unload CO2)
  3. O2 from lung -> heart (LA) -> Aorta (by LV)
  4. Aorta pumps blood to body tissues
  5. Superior + Vena cava (blood returns to heart) and empty to -> RA
105
Q

respiratory = where does gas exchange happen

A

occurs across respiratory surfaces (alveoli to pulmonary capillaries) via diffusion @ alveoli

106
Q

Lungs function

A

Organ that allow gas exchange b/w air + blood

107
Q

hyaline cartilage function

A

keep trachea open where O2 and CO2 go through

108
Q

Trachea structure and function

A

Single large tube
Supported by rings of cartilage
carry air in and out of lungs

109
Q

Bronchioles 2 types

A

Terminal
Respiratory

110
Q

what does respiratory bronchioles do

A

Deliver air into alveoli (clusters of tiny sacs)

111
Q

what is alveoli covered by

A

epithelium

112
Q

O2 goes from alveoli into _

A

capillaries

113
Q

CO2 diffuses from blood then _ and into _ and leaves__

A

CO2 diffuses from blood, across capillaries, and into alveoli, then it leaves alveoli and exhaled as air

114
Q

what does diaphragm separate

A

chest cavity from abdominal

115
Q

what happens to diaphragm in inhalation

A

Diaphragm moves down
Muscles b/w ribs contract
high air pressure

116
Q

what happens to exhalation diaphragm

A

Chest wall + diaphragm returning to normal (relaxed) position (moves up_
No muscle contraction
low air pressure

117
Q

When CO2 dissolves in water, what is formed

A

carbonic acid

118
Q

exercising: Presence of weak acid lowers pH of blood

A

this causes diaphragm to contract faster and increase air and increase gas exchange

119
Q

3 parts of upper respiratory

A

Nose, pharynx, larynx

120
Q

function of upper respiratory

A

warm, moisten, filter incoming air

121
Q

Nose is covered by

A

mucus

122
Q

why does nose bleed occur easily

A

Has significant blood supply (to warm incoming air)

123
Q

why is larynx the voice box

A

b/c of location of vocal folds (cords)

124
Q

what is larynx made of

A

cartilage

125
Q

4 respiratory health problems

A

Pneumonia
Asthma
Bronchitis
Sinusitis

126
Q

pneumonia

A

inflammation (swelling) of membranes lining sinuses + increase mucus production

127
Q

bronchitis

A

inflammation of bronchi + increase mucus and cough a lot

128
Q

asthma

A

inflammation of bronchi + increased production of fluids; allergic reaction

129
Q

pneumonia

A

inflammation of alveoli, fluid in alveolar sacs. Caused mainly by bacteria

Biology Finals (15 decks)

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