Circulatory system Flashcards
(181 cards)
1
Q
Name the two circulating fluids
A
Blood and Lymph
2
Q
Another name for tissue fluid
A
Interstitial fluid
3
Q
Name two lymphatic organs
A
Spleen and tonsil
4
Q
Fluid present in skeletal joints : _________
Fluid present in eye : _____
A
Synovial fluid
Vitreous humour
5
Q
pH of Blood
A
7.3 to 7.45 `
6
Q
Process by which blood is formed
A
Haemopoesis
7
Q
90% of plasma is made of
A
Water
8
Q
Plasma from which fibrinogen is removed
A
Serum
9
Q
RBCs are also called :
WBCs are also called:
Platelets are also called:
A
Erythrocyte
Leukocyte
Thrombocyte
10
Q
Shape of RBCs
A
Biconcave disc like structure
11
Q
No. of RBCs/ mm^3 in adult male and female
A
5 million, 4.5 million
12
Q
Effective chemical constituent of RBCs
A
Haemoglobin
13
Q
Haemoglobin is present in ____ of RBCs
A
Stroma
14
Q
Haemoglobin with CO2 and CO
A
CO2 - Carbaminohaemoglobin
CO - Carboxyhaemoglobin
15
Q
RBCS in embryo are produced in
A
Liver and spleen
16
Q
RBCS in children up to 5 yrs are produced in
A
bone marrow of all bones
17
Q
RBCS in adults are produced in
A
Bone marrow of long bones - rib, breast bone, ilium of hip girdle
18
Q
avg life of RBCs
A
120 days
19
Q
old RBCs are destroyed in
A
Spleen, liver, bone marrow
20
Q
three organelles which mature RBC lacks
A
Nucleus, mitochondria, ER
21
Q
RBC count lowers by ___% during sleep
A
5
22
Q
Abnormal increase in number of RBCs
A
Polycythaemia
23
Q
Abnormal decrease in the number of RBCs
A
Erythropenia
24
Q
no of WBCs / mm^3 of blood
A
4000-8000
25
process by which WBCs can squeeze through walls of capillaries into tissues
Diapedesis
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WBCs are mainly produced in
Red bone marrow and lymph nodes
27
avg life of WBCs
2 weeks
28
life of neutrophils
few hours
29
abnormal decrease in number of WBCs
Leukopenia
30
Cancer of tissue forming WBCs resulting in its increase at the cost of RBCs
Leukaemia
31
two major categories of WBCs
Granular and non granular
32
How is the nucleus in granular WBCs
Lobed
33
How is the nucleus in non-granular WBCs
Single large
34
multi-lobed WBC
Neutrophil
35
function of neutrophil
Phagocytosis
36
neutrophils stain with __ dyes
neutral
37
bi-lobed WBC
Eosinophil
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WBC stained with acidic dyes is ______ and it turns dark red with ____
Eosinophil, eosin
39
Function of eosinophil
1. Phagocytosis
2. antitoxins
3. associated with allergy
40
WBC with nucleus large and indistinctly lobed
Basophil
41
______ WBC stains with basic dyes like ______
Basophil , methylene blue
42
function of Basophil
Release chemical Histamine for inflammation
43
What does histamine do
dilates blood vessels
44
major kind of WBCs
Neutrophils
45
Smallest of WBCs
Lymphocytes
46
function of Lymphocytes
Produce antibodies
47
Largest of WBCs
Monocytes
48
Shape of nucleus in monocytes
Kidney shaped
49
at the site of infection , monocytes transform into
Macrophages
50
function of monocyte
Ingest germs
51
dead white blood cells together with the tissue cells destroyed by bacteria
Pus
52
process by which WBCs engulf particle like solid substances, especially bacteria
Phagocytosis
53
Deliberate introduction of weakened disease germs to stimulate production of specific antibodies
Vaccination
54
shape of blood platelets
Oval/round
55
no. of platelets per mm^3 of blood
2 lakh to 4 lakh
56
Where r platelets produced ?
Megakaryocytes in red bone marrow
57
Where r platelets destroyed
spleen
58
life span of platelets
3 to5 days
59
________ intiate clotting of blood
Thrombokinase
60
Another name for blood clotting
Coagulation
61
another name for thrombokinase
thromboplastin , factor X , Stuart factor
62
What is essential for producing prothrombin
Vitamin K
63
inactive Prothrombin with the help of thrombokinase and ___ ions coverts into active ____
Calcium, thrombin
64
Thrombin with the help of ca ions convert _______ which is ___(solubility) in plasma to _____(solubility) ___
Fibrinogen, soluble, insoluble fibrin
65
fibrin forms ______ combine with RBCs to form a ___
Sticky threads , clot
66
Clot is also called
Thrombus
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Liquid which squeeze out when blood clots
Serum
68
Is clotting dependent on exposure of blood to air
no
69
Clotting can even be caused by
movement of blood over rough surface
70
a condition in which blood fails to clot due to lack of blood clotting proteins
Haemophilia
71
Who introduced the concept of blood group
Karl Landsteiner
72
Antigens are present on
Surface of RBCs
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Antibodies are present in
Plasma of blood
74
Antibodies are
Complementary proteins present wrt antigen present
75
According to ABO system, 4 types of blood groups are:
A, B. AB, O
76
A group: antigen ___ antibody ___
A, B
77
B group: antigen____ antibody __
B , A
78
AB group antigen____ antibody __
A.B , nil
79
O group antigen____ antibody __
nil, A, B
80
universal donor :
O
81
Universal recipient
AB
82
What is blood transfusion
The process by which blood is taken from a healthy donor and injected into the veins of the patient ( recipient)
83
Condition for blood transfusion
Blood group of donor and recipient should be compatible
84
If blood groups are not compatible what occurs and what does it lead to
agglutination - death
85
What r the two systems of blood grouping
Rh system ABO system
86
Rh stands for
Rhesus monkey ( common monkey )
87
Why is the system named after rhesus monkey
Bcoz the factor was first observed in common monkey
88
Rh+ blood group contains what antigen additionally
D antigen
89
What happens when Rh+ blood is transfused to Rh- blood
The Rh- blood develops an antibody against the D antigen. When a second transfusion is done, antibody agglutinates with the D antigen and may cause death
90
Where is the heart located
Centre between the two lungs above the diaphragm
91
What is the size of heart
Size of closed fist ( 12 cm length 9 cm width )
92
Heart is protected by
Pericardium
93
Describe pericardium
It is a double walled membranous covering
94
What does the pericardium contain
Lubricating pericardial fluid
95
What is the function of pericardial fluid
It reduces friction during heartbeat and protects it from mechanical injuries
96
What is the shape of a heart
Roughly triangular
97
Why does it feel like heart is located to the left
The narrow end of the heart is pointed to left side. during working, contraction is most powerful at this end so
98
How many chambers does the human heart have
4
99
What r the 4 chambers of the heart
2 upper atria ( right and left )
| 2 lower ventricles ( right and left)
100
atria is also called
Auricles
101
atria has a ____ wall (thin/thick )
Thinner
102
What is the general function of atria
receive blood from the body and pump into ventricles
103
Which ventricle has the thickest wall and why
Left one bcoz it pumps blood to the farthest points of the body whereas right one only pumps to lungs for oxygenation
104
the two blood vessels entering the right atrium of heart
Anterior and posterior vena cava
105
2 names for anterior vena cava
Precaval , superior vena cava
106
another name for posterior vena cava
inferior vena cava
107
What is the function of anterior vena cava
It brings the deoxygenated blood from the upper region sof the body to the right atrium
108
What is the function of posterior vena cava
Brings de oxygenated blood from lower regions of the body to the right atrium
109
The vein entering the left atrium and how many
Pulmonary vein - 4 ( two from each lung)
110
function of pulmonary vein
brings oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
111
Blood vessel leaving right ventricle
Pulmonary artery
112
Blood vessel leaving left ventricle
Aorta
113
function of pulmonary artery
Carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation
114
Function of aorta
Carries oxygenated blood from left ventricle to supply to all parts of the body
115
Coronary arteries comes from
Base of aorta
116
function of coronary artery
Supply blood to heart muscles
117
Chest pain due to insufficient supply of blood to heart muscle
Angina pectoris
118
Function of coronary vein
Collects blood from heart walls and pours into right atrium
119
What happens if there is a blockage in the coronary artery
It causes deadening of that area of heart muscle and leads to myocardial infarction
120
How many valves are present in the heart
4
121
What is the function of the heart valves
To regulate the flow of blood in a single direction and prevent the back flow of blood
122
Where is the tricuspid valve located
Aperture between right auricle and ventricle
123
Another name for right atrio ventricular valve and why
Tricuspid valve bcoz it has three cusps or flaps
124
Muscular projections of ventricular wall
Papillary muscles
125
The apex of the cusps are held in position by
Chordae tendinae
126
Tendinous cords arising from papillary muscles
Chordae tendinae
127
What is the other name for left atrio ventricular valve and why ? one more name for the same
Bicuspid valve bcoz it has 2 cusps
| Mitral valve
128
Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located
Opening of right ventricle into pulmonary artery
129
What is the shape and number of the semilunar valves
Pocket shaped, 3
130
Where is the aortic semilunar valve located
Point of origin of aorta from left ventricle
131
SAN
Sino atrial node
132
SAN is also known as
Pacemaker
133
AVN
Atrio ventricular node
134
Function of SAN
Gives impulse to initiate heart beat
135
Location of SAN
walls of right auricle near superior vena cava
136
Location of AVN
Near inter-auricular septum near tricuspid valve
137
Location of Bundle of HIS
Begins from AVN and extends to interventricular septum
138
Bundle of HIS consists of special conducting fibres running along walls of ventricle called
Purkinje fibres
139
Vessel which carries blood away from heart towards any organ
Artery
140
Artery has a ____ (thickness)muscular wall, a ___(narrow/wide) lumen and is ____(elastic/non elastic)
Thick, narrow, elastic
141
vein has a ____ (thickness)muscular wall, a ___(narrow/wide) lumen and is ____(elastic/non elastic)
Thin, wider, non elastic
142
Blood flows in spurts in which vessel and why
Artery due to the ventricular contractions
143
Blood flows uniformly in
Veins
144
Which blood vessel has valves
Vein
145
artery branches into ___ which further branches into
arterioles, capillaries
146
Capillaries unite to form ___ which unites to form ___
Venule, vein n
147
The walls of a capillary consists of
Single layer of squamous epithelial cells ( endothelium)
148
capillary has thick muscles . ture or false and correct it if false
False
| Capillary has no muscles
149
four functions of capillaries
1. to allow outward diffusion of O2 into tissue fluid into tissue cells
2. To allow inward diffusion of CO2 from tissue fluid
3. To allow inward and outward diffusion of glucose, amino acids, etc
4. To allow WBCs to squeeze out via diapedesis
150
unique thing about capillaries
it can vasodilate and vasoconstrict
151
Why does ur face turn pink when u walk in the hot sun
the capillaries vasodilate thus increasing the blood flow...so it turns pink
152
Why does ur face turn bluish when it is too cold
capillaries vasoconstrict, thus decreasing blood flow...so it turns bluish
153
Human circulatory system is otherwise called
Double circulation
154
Name the two blood circulations
Pulmonary and systemic
155
Aorta arches back into
Dorsal aorta
156
Define portal vein
Portal vein is one which starts with capillaries and end with capillaries
157
Hepatic portal vein
From stomach and intestine to liver
158
Function of hepatic portal system
Food from stomach and intestine is brought to liver to regulate the quantity of nutrients flowing into general circulation
159
Hepatic artery
Aorta to liver
160
Hepatic vein
Liver to postcaval
161
renal artery
Aorta to kidney
162
Renal vein
Kidney to posterior vena cava
163
Define pulse
Alternate expansion and elastic recoil of the wall of the artery during ventricular systole
163
Counting pulse is indirectly counting
Heart beat
164
which blood vessel do u feel for pulse
Artery
165
What is blood pressure ?
Pressure which blood flowing through arteries exert on its walls
166
blood pressure is measured using
Sphygmomanometer
167
Two types of pressure
Systolic and diastolic pressure
168
Two types of pressure
Systolic and diastolic pressure
169
Normal bp of an adult
Systolic - 100 to 140 mm Hg
| Diastolic - 60 to 80 mm Hg
170
rise in BP above 140/90 is called
Hypertension
171
Lymph nodes located on the sides of the neck
Tonsils
172
Location of spleen
In the abdomen behind the stomach above the left kidney
173
color of spleen
Reddish brown
174
four functions of spleen
1. acts as a blood reservoir
2. produces lymphocytes
3. produces RBCs in embryos
4. destroys worn out RBCS
175
Function of lymph nodes
Localize any infection and prevent it from spreading to the whole of the body and destroy pathogen
176
Four function of lymph
1. supplies nutrition and O2 to parts where blood cannot reach
2. drains away excess tissue fluid and return proteins to the blood from tissue spaces
3. fats from intestine is absorbed through lymphatics
4. lymphocytes and monocytes defend the body
177
Lymph mainly consists of which cell
WBCs
178
How does the lymph flow
Due to the contraction of surrounding muscles
179
Lymph is basically ______ which is not absorbed back into the blood
Tissue fluid
180
example of anticoagulant
Heparin
