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Biology yey > circulatory system > Flashcards

circulatory system Flashcards

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1
Q

State the three principal circulatory fluids in the body and their location

A

BLOOD : in the heart and blood vessels
LYMPH : in the lymphatic organs such as spleen and tonsils
TISSUE FLUID : in the space between the tissues

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2
Q

What are the two functions of a blood clot?

A
  • Prevents further loss of blood
  • Prevents disease causing germs from entering
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3
Q

Plasma which lacks fibrinogen is called

A

serum

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4
Q

Name the scientific names of the following:
1. WBCs
2. RBCs
3. Platelets
4. Pacemaker

A
  1. Leukocytes
  2. Erythrocytes
  3. Thrombocytes
  4. Sino - Atrial Node (SAN)
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5
Q

G.R: Sleeping near burning furnaces in small rooms without ventilation can result in carbon monoxide poisoning.

A
  • Hb has v strong affinity for CO
  • forms stable compound called carboxyhaemoglobin
  • compound reduces O2 carrying capacity of RBC
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6
Q

Site of formation of RBCs in:
1. Adults
2. Infants up to age 5
3. Embryo

A
  1. Bone marrow of long bones such as ribs, ilium, breastbone, femur
  2. Bone marrow of all bones of the body
  3. Liver and Spleen
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7
Q

Life span of RBCs

A

120 days

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8
Q

Site of destruction of RBC

A

Liver and Spleen

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9
Q

How does the loss of nucleus in RBC make them more efficient?

A
  • Increases surface area for max absorption of O2, helps accommodate more RBC
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10
Q

How does loss of mitochondria in RBC make them more efficient?

A
  • means no abs of oxygen by the RBC will take place for its own cellular respiration
  • more O2 going to the tissues and cells
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11
Q

How does the absence of ER in RBC make them more efficient

A
  • ER is responsible for maintaining structure of cells
  • Absence makes the RBC more flexible for mvt through narrow capillaries
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12
Q

Abnormal increase in level of RBC is called:

A

Polycythaemia

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13
Q

Abnormal decrease in level of RBC is called:

A

Erythropenia

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14
Q

Define diapedesis

A

It is the process by which WBCs ooze out through the narrow capillaries (using pseudopodia like features)

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15
Q

Define Phagocytosis

A

It is the process by which the WBCs engulf disease causing bacteria.

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16
Q

What is Leukemia?

A

It is the condition in which there is an abnormal increase in the level of WBC at the cost of RBCs

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17
Q

Abnormal decrease in WBC

A

Leukopenia

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18
Q

What are the three types of granulocytes?

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
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19
Q

When bhabha went to get a blood test because she was sneezing a lot, a high concentration of Eosinophils was observed whatever blah blah. what might she be having?

A

ALLERGIES bitch

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20
Q

Basophils release which chemical?

A

Histamines

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21
Q

Needee went to get a blood test and a high count of ____ was found and she was diagnosed with some random infection. Fill in the blanks

A

basophils :P

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22
Q

Name the agranulocyte that is responsible for the production of antibodies

A

lymphocytes

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23
Q

What is the composition of pus?

A

Dead WBC w tissue cells destroyed by bacteria

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24
Q

toxins

A

germ / secretion of harmful microorganisms which can induce the production of antitoxins

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25
antigens
foreign substance that enters the body and is capable of inducing production of antibodies
26
antibodies
are proteins / chemical substances secreted by lymphocytes in response to the entry of an antigen. they eventually end up killing the antigen.
27
Logical sequence of blood clotting:
Injured cells / tissues release *THROMBOKINASE* - thrombokinase / stuart factor activates *INACTIVE PROTHROMBIN* and converts it to *ACTIVE THROMBIN* - thrombin activates *INACTIVE, SOLUBLE FIBRINOGEN* and converts it to *ACTIVE, INSOLUBLE FIBRIN* - fibrin forms network of sticky threads and traps RBCs to form - *CLOT / THROMBUS*
28
What vitamin is required for the production of prothrombin?
Vitamin (me) K
29
_______ is the inability of blood to clot. How is it transmitted?
Haemophilia, genetically
30
Haemorrhages can be caused due to:
abnormally low counts of platelets
31
Concept of blood grouping was discovered by:
Karl Landsteiner
32
What is the antigen and antibody present of the RBCs of a person belonging to blood group A
Antigen A, Antibody B
33
What is the antigen and antibody present of the RBCs of a person belonging to blood group B
Antigen B, Antibody A
34
What is the antigen and antibody present of the RBCs of a person belonging to blood group AB
Antigen A and B, neither antibody A nor B
35
What is the antigen and antibody present of the RBCs of a person belonging to blood group O
Neither antigen A nor B, both antibody A and B
36
Blood group O is called the universal donor. Give reason.
- can donate to A,B,AB and O - Neither antigen A nor B is present on the surface of RBC
37
Blood group AB is called the universal recipient. Give reason.
- can accept from A,B,AB and O - Neither antibody A nor B is present in the plasma
38
Explain Rh factor in pregnancy.
if an Rh-ve woman carries an Rh+ve baby in her stomach, during delivery if a small amt of blood gets intermixed, she gets Rh sensitized. If another baby that is Rh+ve is conceived too soon, it may lead to the death of the foetus due to the antigen still being present in the mothers body.
39
Explain Rh factor in blood transfusion.
If an Rh-ve person recieves blood from an Rh+ve person, they get sensitized within abt 2 weeks of transfusion. If a second transfusion using Rh+ve blood happens too soon, the antibodies created by the Rh-ve person react with the transfused blood and can also lead to death.
40
State the location and function of the heart.
L: In the centre of the chest cavity between the two lungs and above the diaphragm, with its tip slightly tilted towards the left. F: Pumps blood to diff parts of the body.
41
The pericardium contains a fluid. Name the fluid and state its function.
Fluid : Pericardial fluid F: Reduces friction during heart beat and protects the heart from mechanical injuries.
42
Left ventricle has the thickest walls compared to the other 3 chambers of the hearts
- single most powerful contraction in the body - blood pumped out by it needs to have enough pressure to reach the cells of the brain and the tip of the toes
43
Name the blood vessels entering the heart
- Superior Vena Cava - Inferior Vena Cava - 4 Pulmonary veins
44
Name the blood vessels leaving the heart
- Pulmonary artery - Aorta - Coronary arteries
45
What causes heart attacks
blockage of coronary arteries
46
Scientific name of heart attack
Myocardial infarction
47
What is Angina Pectoris
chest pain caused due to insufficient blood supply to the muscles of the heart.
48
Where do the coronary arteries arise and where do the coronary veins drain into?
C.R arise from the base of the aorta C.V drain into the right auricle
49
Name the 1st step of the cardiac cycle and its duration
Auricular Systole and Ventricular Diastole. It lasts for 0.15s
50
How are the valves during the 1st step of the cardiac cycle. What is the sound produced and by what
The atrio ventricular valves are open and the semilunar valves are closed. "Dub" and it is produced by the closing of the atrioventricular valves during the ventricular diastole.
51
Name the 2nd step of the cardiac cycle and its duration
Ventricular Systole and Auricular Diastole. It lasts for 0.30 s
52
How are the valves during the 2nd step of the cardiac cycle. What is the sound produced and by what.
The atrio ventricular valves are closed and the semilunar valves are opened. "Lubb" and it is produced by the opening of the semilunar valves during the ventricular Systole.
53
Name the 3rd step of the cardiac cycle. How long does it last?
Joint Diastole. 0.40s
54
Duration of the entirity of the cardiac cycle
0.85s
55
How many beats per minute does the heart beat
72 bpm
56
Expand: SAN AVN
Sino Atrial Node Atrio Ventricular Node
57
State the location and function of the SAN
L: At the opening of the vena cava in the right auricle F:Initiates heart beat
58
State the location and function of the AVN
L: Between the auricles and ventricles on the atrio ventricular septum F: Initiates the contraction of ventricles
59
State the logical sequence for the electrical impulse responsible for the initiation of heartbeat
SAN → AVN → Bundle of HIS → Purkinje Fibres
60
What is caused due to the failure of the SAN to generate an electrical impulse?
Cardiac Arrest
61
What is the structure that holds the heart valves in position?
Chordae Tendinae
62
State the function of chordae tendinae
Keeps the bicuspid and tricuspid valves in position/ and prevents their overturning into the atria during ventricular systole.
63
An artery has : 1______ muscular walls 2______ lumen 3_______ blood except for the 4 _________ artery which contains 5_______ blood
1. Thick 2. Narrow 3. Oxygenated 4. Pulmonary 5. Deoxygenated
64
A vein has: 1. _______ muscular walls 2. _______ lumen 3. _______ blood except for the 4.__________vein which contains 5.______blood
1. Thin 2. Wide 3. Deoxygenated 4. Pulmonary 5. Oxygenated
65
Blood flows through the arteries in jerks and do not require valves.
Due to high pressure due to powerful contractions of the ventricles and narrow lumen.
66
Capillaries have no _______
muscular walls
67
What are the functions of capillaries (3M)
- Allow outward diffusion of O2 into tissue fluid and from there into cells - Allow diapedesis - Allow inward diffusion of CO2 from tissue fluid.
68
Give 3 structural differences b/w arteries and veins
Arteries are deeper placed, do not collapse when empty and have no valves. Veins are more superficial, collapse when empty and have valves to prevent backflow of blood.
69
Define an artery
Blood vessel which carries blood away from the heart and into an organ
70
Define a vein
Blood vessel which carries blood from an organ to the heart (except *hepatic portal vein*

Biology yey (10 decks)

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