circulatory system Flashcards by claire perez

Systems of blood vessels

Vascular system

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It is a system that allows blood to be circulated from the heart to all parts of the body. What are the 2 divisions
It consists of

Vascular system

pulmonary circulation
systematic circulation

It consists of arteries, capillaries and veins

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Explain the flow of pulmonary and systematic circulation

index card

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Tube-like structures that are interconnected that allows the circulation of blood

blood vessels

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what type of muscles are blood vessels

Smooth muscles

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briefly explain the blood vessels

index card

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when performing a capillary puncture, why do we have to wipe the first drop of blood

because it may contain tissue fluid (interstitial fluid)
ensure that the subsequent blood drops are pure blood, without being contaminated by tissue fluid

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why do the pressure changes in the
abdominal & thoracic cavities of the veins

Decreases pressure in the thoracic cavity.
Increases pressure in the abdominal cavity.
When you inhale, it pushes blood toward the heart by reducing thoracic pressure and increasing abdominal pressure, helping to move blood through the veins more efficiently

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structure of blood vessels

index card

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layers of blood vessels

index card

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functions of blood

★ Transport s oxygen and nutrients to the body’s cells and tissues.
★ Transports hormones to the target area.
★ Eliminates waste asturias from the body’s cells.
★ Maintains water balance for the body’s cells and tissues.
★ Transports antibodies and protective substances throughout the body.
★ Assist in regulating body temperature.
★ Help maintain acid base balance.

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blood is _____ times thicker than water

5 times

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composition of blood

formed elements (45%)
-erythrocytes
-leukocytes
-thrombocytes

liquid portion (55%)
water mostly
straw colored

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description of plasma/ serum

clear to slightly haze pale yellow
plasma and serum look alike = hard to differentiate
difference btwn the 2: plasma contains fibrinogen but serum does not

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composition of plasms/ serum

WWOMP Has Nutrients & Gases

Water - 90 to 95%

Waste -
urea
uric acid
xathine, products of chemical reaction

Others
Minerals - Na Mg K Cl Ca

Protein -
fibrinogen - aids in blood clotting
globulin - fight forein invaders (antibodies)
albumin - most abundant, assist in regulating BP

Hormones - assist in chemical and help body maintain constant balance
Nutrients - lipids (triglyceride) n carbs (glucose)
Gases - O2 CO2 N

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what are the structure and content of erythrocytes

most numerous - 4 to 5 M/cumm
biconcave
- 7-8 um (diameter)
- 2 um (thick)
flexible
hemoglobin (95%) - reason of the red pigment
anucleate

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what are the function of erythrocytes

gas exchange
- internal respiration: O2 (lungs to cells)
- external respiration: CO2 (cell to lungs)

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“erythro” -
“poeisis” -

“erythro” - red blood
“poeisis” - production

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where does the rbc produced in adults

bone marrow

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a hormone produced in the kidney that sends signals to the bone marrow to produce more rbc to release in the circulation

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Erythropoiesis - process of making red blood cells

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it is a precursor before becoming a mature rbc

reticulocytes
*has RNA fragments in the cells = immature

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what is the lifespan of rbc? what happens after lifespan?

120 days
after 120 days - removed in the liver, spleen or bone

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physiology:
lack of rbc -
increase production of rbc -

lack of rbc - anemia
increase production of rbc - polycythemia

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structure and content of leukocytes

5000 - 10,00 WBCs/cumm
nucleated
granules

*uses wright stains

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physiology: lack of wbc - increase production of wbc -

lack of wbc - leukopenia (less than 5000) increase production of wbc - leukocytosis (more than 10,000)

functions of leukocytes

destroy foreign substances and remove cellular debris extravascular function: diapedsis - pass through capillaries thin walls of endothelial cells to move to tissue phagocytosis: engulf foreign substances produce antibodies: B-lymphocytes

breifly explain WBC starting from the most numerous

[never let monkey eat bananas] NEUTROPHILS LYMPHOCYTES MONOCYTES EAOSINOPHILS BASOPHILS *index card

structure and content of thrombocyte

smallest 150,000 - 400,000 plts/cumm not true cell - fragmments of megakaryocytes' cytoplasm coagulation: prevents blood los, platelet plug

what is the largest wbc

monocytes

granulocytes wbc - agranulocytes wbc -

granulocytes wbc - N E B agranulocytes wbc - L M

decrease production of neutrophils - increase production of neutrophils -

decrease production of neutrophils - neutropenia increase production of neutrophils - neutrophilia

what are common tests performed in whole blood

cbc - hematological test HbA1c - chem test

whole blood as a specimen

not separated or clotted place in a tube w anticoagulant if left undisturbed, formed elements will settle at the bottom (hence need to mix for 2 min before performing the test)

plasma as a specimen

not clotted but separated through centrifugation placed in a tube with an anticoagulant & centrifuged with fibrinogen and clotting factors

test performed in plasma

plasma chemistry test (ammmonia, potassium) STAT chemistry

test performed in serum

most of chem and immunology test

serum as a specimen

shld be clotted (30-60min) & separated through centrifugation place a plain tube with clot activator and centrifuged w/o fibrinogen & clotting factors

Ability of the body to stop the bleeding following the vascular injury

hemostasis

arrest or stoppage of bleeding stop blood loss interaction of endothelial cells, platelets, other blood cell, plasma proteins, calcium and coagulation

a process to achieve hemostasis

coagulation

★ Conversion of liquid state of blood to a semi solid gel: “CLOT” ★ Requires activation proteins: coagulation factors ★ Goal: create fibrin clot

most preffered veins in venipuncture

Median cubital vein Cephalic vein Basilic vein

this is considered when antecubital veins are not accessible

Dorsal forearm, hand and wrist veins

which vin in the hand should not be used

veins on the lateral wrist above the thumb should not be used

this venipuncture should be documented

leg, ankle and foot veins

it is the middle of the arm and in front of the elbow

antecubtial fossa

what are the considerations in vein selection

most prominent vein (fixed and not overlaying a pulse) - ez to find and feel n stable - if there is a pulse, that indicates an artery not the same pattern - if vein has been used frequently, consider selecting a diff to avoid damaging it avoid brachial artery - artery is near there be mindful of nerves - cause pain or damage check median and MCV before considering other AC veins

briefly explain the vein patterns

*index card H-PATTERN (70%) - has 3 veins mcv: cephalic: basilic: M-PATTERN (30%) - has 5 veins (the other 2 are CV, BV) median: mcv: median basilic vein:

what type of needles are used in the Dorsal forearm, hand and wrist veins

they have small veins so butterfly needle

what are the cautions when getting blood from 1. dorsal forearm, hand and wrist veins 2. leg, ankle and foot veins 3. arm and leg arteries

1. veins on the lateral wrist above the thumb should not be used - bcs these veins r close to important nerves and arteries = risky to draw blood 2. diabetic patients - they have poor circulation in their legs and feet = lead to slow healing or infectious 3.painful and hazardous (damage in artery), thrombus formation, numbness

this is not routinely performed as it is difficult. trained personnel are allowed to conduct this

arm and leg arteries

arm and leg arteries are for ..

arterial blood gas (ABG)

when collecting blood in leg, ankle and foot, it is more prone for ...

thrombosis or phlebitis

femoral vein is performed by ... and why

MDs - doctor trained personnel this is bcs it is a deep vein close to important arteries and nerves

this is considered when vein in the arms are inaccessible and bilateral mastectomy

leg, ankle and foot veins

why should u place torniquet for 1 min only

to avoid hemoconcentration

explain why when trying to find a vein, use the index finger and not the thumb. what is this "process" called

palpating as thumb has its own pulse = hard to feel the vein properly

what to do when palpating

check the 1. depth - angle of insertion 2. direction - of needle insertion 3. diameter/ width/ size -selecting gauge & type of equipment

what are some other tips in locating a vein

warming of the site exercising arms (not to vigorous) well hydrated mark the veins with the tip of the alcohol pad no pumping of hands if still having a hard time, ask for help use a vein finder device

which formed element is the first to play a role in sealing an injury to a blood vessel

platelet

what is the normal composition of blood

55% - plasma 45% - formed elements

why is the basilic vein is the last choice for venipuncture

as it is located close to a major a nerve

the preferred vein for venipuncture in the H pattern

median cubital

circulatory system Flashcards

(63 cards)