Circulatory system

Question 1

what are the functions of the circulatory system

Answer 1

transport
protection
regulation

Question 2

the cardiovascular system consists of what

Answer 2

the heart and the vessels

Question 3

the circulatory system consist of what

Answer 3

the heart, vessels and blood

Question 4

what two major things is the blood made of

Answer 4

plasma
formed elements

Question 5

what are the formed elements of blood

Answer 5

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets

Question 6

how is blood separated

Answer 6

with a hematocrit tube and centrifuge

Question 7

what major chemicals are in the plasma

Answer 7

albumin
globulin
fibrinogen

Question 8

what is the function of albumin (also how much of it is in platelets)

Answer 8

• albumin helps in balancing flow of blood, made in the liver and helps to prevent swelling
• albumin also helps in transporting some minor plasma chemicals

Question 9

what are the types of globulins

Answer 9

alpha and gamma globulins

Question 10

what is the function of alpha globulins

Answer 10

• transport
• formation of hemoglobin

Question 11

what cells secrete gamma globulins

Answer 11

mast cells (a type of lymphocytes)

Question 12

what is the function of gamma globulins

Answer 12

they are immunoglobulins so work with immune system

Question 13

what percentage of plasma is fribrinogen

Answer 13

about 7%

Question 14

functions of fribrinogen

Answer 14

• involved in blood clotting
• forms platelet plug
• assists in blood coagulation

Question 15

what is the active form of fibrinogen called

Answer 15

fibrin

Question 16

where are the new Red blood cells formed

Answer 16

red bone marrow

Question 17

RBC other name

Answer 17

erythrocytes

Question 18

RBC characteristics

Answer 18

• biconcave disc shaped
• lack nearly all cellular organelles (including nucleus)

Question 19

what is the significance of the biconcave disk shape in RBC

Answer 19

increase surface area for maximum O2 transport

Question 20

What is Hemolysis

Answer 20

this is the bursting of rbc

Question 21

explain what happens to rbc after hemolysis

Answer 21

hemolysis happens in spleen cos spleen tries to salvage what they can. globin taken from it to make proteins. iron is taken from it and stored in liver as FERRITIN.

Question 22

how many globins are in rbc

Answer 22

2 alpha and 2 gamma

Question 23

hemoglobin structure

Answer 23

4 protein chains (globins), 1 heme group (Fe2+)

Question 24

when o2 binds to hemoglobin what forms

Answer 24

oxyhemoglobin

Question 25

when co2 binds to hemoglobin what forms

Answer 25

carboaminoglobin

Question 26

what causes blood types

Answer 26

varying chemistry of glycolipids on surface of RBCs

Question 27

What is clumping/agglutination

Answer 27

this occurs when different blood types are mixed and the rbcs clump together instead of correctly joining

Question 28

what blood type is the universal recipient

Answer 28

type AB

Question 29

What blood type is the universal donor

Answer 29

Type O

Question 30

what happens when a Rh+ mother has a Rh- baby and then a Rh+ baby

Answer 30

during the first pregnancy, mother build up rh antibodies then during the second pregnancy, agglutination occurs.

Question 31

lifespan of RBCs

Answer 31

in males - approx. 120 days in females - approx. 109 days

Question 32

RBCs percentage in blood

Answer 32

in males - 42 - 56%, mean 47% in females - 38 - 46%, mean 42%

Question 33

why is the percentage of RBCs higher in males than females

Answer 33

testosterone has a stimulatory effect on RBCs production

Question 34

Erythrocyte Life Cycle

Answer 34

Pluripotent stem cell - Colony forming unit (CFU) - Precursor cells - mature cells

Question 35

what are the precursor cells in erythrocytes

Answer 35

erythroblast (still has nucleus) reticulocyte (no nucleus)

Question 36

what happens to old RBCs

Answer 36

they get phagocytized

Question 37

Hb breakdown steps

Answer 37

Hb - Bilirubin (pigment) - liver - bile - small intestine - fat emulsification

Question 38

what is erythropoiesis

Answer 38

the process by which red blood cells are made in red bone marrow

Question 39

what is the reticuloendothelial system

Answer 39

these are a series of tissue macrophages consisting of: - dust cells of lungs - kupffur cells of liver - microglial cells of CNS

Question 40

another name for WBCs

Answer 40

Leukocytes

Question 41

functions of WBC

Answer 41

protection against microbes and other pathogens

Question 42

property of WBC under microscope

Answer 42

contains nucleus that stains light violet to dark under microscope

Question 43

what is diapedesis

Answer 43

this is the migration of WBC through capillary walls

Question 44

movement of WBCs

Answer 44

chemotaxis diapedesis

Question 45

categories of WBCs and why

Answer 45

granular (large) agranular (tiny)

Question 46

types of granular leukocytes

Answer 46

neutrophils eosinophils basophils

Question 47

type of agranular leukocyte

Answer 47

monocyte lymphocyte

Question 48

how many percent of circulating leukocytes are neutrophils

Answer 48

about 60 - 70%

Question 49

what is the meaning of polymorphonuclear

Answer 49

this is when a cell's nucleus has multiple lobes or is divided in a complex way, giving the cell the appearance of having multiple nuclei.

Question 50

how does neutrophils look under the microscope

Answer 50

it is polymorphonuclear with violet granules in cytoplasm

Question 51

characteristic of neutrophils

Answer 51

- phagocytic - ameboid

Question 52

what do the neutrophils secrete

Answer 52

lysozymes

Question 53

how many percentage of eosinophil is present in circulating WBCs

Answer 53

- about 2 - 4% - it is abundant in certain tissues

Question 54

how does eosinophil look under the microscope

Answer 54

the cytoplasm has red-orange granules from an eosin stain

Question 55

what are the characteristics of eosinophils

Answer 55

they are phagocytic to antigen-antibody complexes

Question 56

what do eosinophils secrete

Answer 56

chemicals to destroy large parasites

Question 57

how many percentage of basophils is in circulating WBCs

Answer 57

about 0.5 - 1%

Question 58

how does basophils look under the microscope

Answer 58

dark violet cytoplasmic granules

Question 59

what is the characteristic of basophils

Answer 59

they are non-phagocytic

Question 60

what does basophil secrete

Answer 60

they primarily secrete chemicals such as histamine

Question 61

what percentage of monocytes is in WBCs

Answer 61

about 3 - 8% of WBCs

Question 62

what is the characteristic of monocyte

Answer 62

it is the largest of the white blood cells they have a kidney shaped nucleus

Question 63

what is the function of monocyte

Answer 63

they are macrophages dust cells Kupffer cells microglia

Question 64

what is the structure of lymphocytes

Answer 64

they are the smallest of the WBCs

Question 65

how many percentage of lymphocyte are in WBCs

Answer 65

25-33% majority of them are in lymphatic tissues

Question 66

what specific types of lymphocytes do we have

Answer 66

T lymphocytes B lymphocytes NK cells (immune surveillance)

Question 67

what is another name for platelet

Answer 67

thrombocyte

Question 68

process by which platelets are made is called

Answer 68

thrombopoiesis

Question 69

which blood cell is not actually a cell

Answer 69

platelets

Question 70

what is the name of the cell that forms platelets

Answer 70

megakaryocyte

Question 71

what is hemostasis

Answer 71

the process by which the body stops blood from leaving a damaged vessel