Circulatory system

Question 1

gastrovascular system

Answer 1

bring part of outside environment in to the inner
Cnidarians and hydra

gastrovascular cavity- diffusion through here is sufficient. Nutrients enter the cavity and diffuse to most cells of body

Question 2

Circulatory system

Answer 2

• circulatory fluid (blood)- transport O2 Cos and Wastes
• interconnecting tubes (blood vessels)-throughout body
• musucular pump (heart)- keep fluid moving

Question 3

Open circulatory system

Answer 3

arthropods, mollusks, insects, clams, lobsters crabs
heart pumps hemolymph fluid into cavities, bathe tissue directly

blood and interstitial fluid the same

Question 4

open circulatory system advantages

Answer 4

direct exchange of materials, less energy required, lower pressure on internal organs (hydrostatic pressure)

Question 5

closed circulatory system

Answer 5

blood vessels keep circulatory fluid (blood) separate from interstitial fluid
worms cephalopods vertebrates

Question 6

advantages of closed circulatory system

Answer 6

higher pressure= more efficient delivery of nutrients and O2 allow higher metabolism
blood flow to specific tissues
controlled by varying vessel diamter
rapid and effective delivery

Question 7

atrium

Answer 7

receive blood

Question 8

ventricles

Answer 8

pump blood out

Question 9

blood is amde of

Answer 9

dissolved ions and proteins
erythroytes- red blood cells that transport oxygen
leukocytes- white blood cells for defense and immunity
plateletes- fragments of cells in clotting

Question 10

red blood cells

Answer 10

(most abundant in blood, from stem cells in bone marrow)
transport oxygen
cant repair itself

Question 11

Erythropoietin

Answer 11

a hormone released by the kidney in response to insuffient oxygen, or hypoxia, controls red blood cell production. Acts on bone marrow causing increased production of red blood cells.
negative feedback for blood oxygen levels

Question 12

arteries

Answer 12

carry blood away from the heart to organs throughout the body. Branch into smaller aterioles, to capillaries. High in oxygen- carrying blood to the organs

hthick walls of elastin

Question 13

pulmonary artery

Answer 13

exception, deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

Question 14

capillaries

Answer 14

penetrate the body’s tissues and consist of a single, porous layer of endothelial cells that allow exchange between blod and interstitial fluid.

form a netwrok of capillary blood vessels with max SA

Question 15

capillary beds–>

Answer 15

small venules–> large veins—> back to heart low in oxgen

Question 16

pulmonary vein

Answer 16

exception brings oxygenated blood from lungs back to the heart

Question 17

valves

Answer 17

control direction of blood flow and prevent backflow.

Question 18

veins BP

Answer 18

is very low, need body movement to keep blood flowing

Question 19

where does material exchange happen?

Answer 19

capillaries.

Question 20

arteries

Answer 20

thicker with lots of smooth muscles, round cross sections. Higher blood pressure.

Question 21

VEins

Answer 21

flattened cross section. Lower blood pressure. Larger lumen.

Question 22

Fish shark circulatory system

Answer 22

single circuit
Heart has two chambers:
Atrium- receives blood from body
Ventricle- receives blood from the atrium, sends it to the gills
gill capillaries, and systemic capillaries.

Atrium empties blood into ventricle, sends deoxygenated blood to gill capillaries to get oxygenated. Gets oxygen. Pumped to systemic capillaries. Travels into the body circulation in systemic capillaries where it is deoxygenated at needed body tissues. Oxygen depleted blood Returned to the heart via veins to return to the gill capillaries.

Question 23

amphibian circulatory system

Answer 23

Separate pulmonary (supplies blood to skin and lungs) and systemic circuits (supplies blood to other tissues of the body)

2 atria and a ventricle incompletely divided

L atrium receives oxygenated blood from lungs
R atrium receives deox blood from the body
Ventricle- receives blood from both atria; directs the flow to the lungs and or the body

Question 24

VAVA pattern

Answer 24

Veins-> atrium–> ventricle–> artery

Question 25

amphibian heart not efficeint bevcause

Answer 25

But two atrium one from body one from lungs. Send to both pulmondary circuit and systemic circuit. Partially oxygenated going to both; not efficient; cant support high metabolic rate. Always partially oxygenated.

Question 26

corcodilian circualtory system

Answer 26

4 chambered hearts and completely separate pulmonary and systemic circuits 2 atria 2 ventricles Special shunt that allows them to temporarily turn lungs off when they dive- terrestiral to aquatic circulatory pattern no mixing of blood 4 chamber heart not evolutionary related to mammals

Question 27

mammals and birds circulatory system

Answer 27

Highest metabolic rate 4 chambered heart, fully divided. Pulmonary circuit supplies lungs, systemic supplies rest of body Promotes efficient gas exchange.

Question 28

stat with oxygenated blood delivered by pulmonary blood to left atrium

Answer 28

Oxygenated blood flows throughs bicuspid valve to left ventricle Flows to aortic semilunar valve to the aorta From aorta to the systemic circuit. Oxygen taken out of blood; cO2 picked up Deoxygenated blood frlows back to heart through venae vavae Flows from venae cavae to the right atrium From right atrium to the tricupid valve to the right ventricle Throught he pulmonary semilunar valve to the pulmonary artery Flows from pulmonary artery to lungs where it is oxygenated and drops off CO2 Oxygenated blood flows in the pulmonary vein back to the left atrium. Starts again.

Question 29

pulmonary

Answer 29

``` Right atrium Right ventricle Pulmonary arteries Lungs Pulmonary veins ```

Question 30

systemic

Answer 30

``` Left atrium Left ventrocile Aorta Body (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins) Vena cavae ```

Question 31

VAVAVA

Answer 31

Vein to atrium, atrium to ventricle, and ventricle to artery

Question 32

side of heart thicker

Answer 32

left side of heart is thicker than right. Blood on left has to be pumped to rest of body; blood o nright side of heart has only been pumped to the lungs.

Question 33

2 phases

Answer 33

Systole- when ventricles contract (pumps blood) blood pressure is high Diastole- when ventricles relax (fills with blood) blood pressure is low. The atria contract just before the ventricles

Question 34

capillaries BP and speed

Answer 34

Blood pressure and flow is lower through the capillaries-- each artery supplies many capillaries, which have an enormous surface area elocity of the blood in the vessels is controlled by the cross sectional area of the vessles. As area increases, blood flows more slowly. Blood flow slower in capillaries than in veins or arteries.

Question 35

BP in arteries

Answer 35

Higher in arteries than in veins.

Question 36

brain and BP

Answer 36

Blood pressure is monitored by the medulla Sympathetic nervous system increases BP Parasympathetic nervous system decreases BP

Question 37

lymphatic system

Answer 37

collect interstitial fluid and return it to the circulatory system