Circulatory System Flashcards
(25 cards)
Blood
Blood = connective tissue
55% -> plasma (matrix)
45% -> formed elements
Formed elements
-> made of cells + cell fragments
Plasma
- water (over 90%)
- proteins in plasma are soluble
Formed Elements
- ) erythrocytes
- transport oxygen and co2 - ) leukocytes (white blood cells)
- immune - ) thrombocytes
- blood clotting
Erythrocytes
- 99.9% of all of the formed elements
- biconcave disc (pushed in)
- anucleate
- contains hemoglobin
Sickle cell anemia
Sickle cell anemia
- when hemoglobin releases oxygen, the hemoglobin changes shape
- cells lose biconcave shape (because erythrocytes are mostly hemoglobin)
Leukocytes
- less that 0.1% of all of the formed elements
- have a nucleas
Two types:
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
Granulocytes
Cells have visible granules in cytoplasm
a. ) neutrophils
- 65% of all leukocytes
- small blue/purple granules
- segmented nucleas
Pic in notes
b. ) eosinophils
- 3% of all leukocytes
- large red granules
- bilobed nucleas
Pic in notes
c. ) basophils
- less than 1% of all leukocytes
- bilobed nucleas
- a lot of large blue/purple granules
Agranulocytes
No visible granules in cytoplasm
a. ) lymphocytes
- 25% of all leukocytes
- round nucleas with a thin layer (halo) of cytoplasm going around it
b. ) monocytes
- 7% of all the leukocytes
- large cells
- nucleas is “U” shaped or kidney shaped
Study tip
Leukocytes study tip
…phil (ending) -> have granules
Leukemia
A lot of leukocytes
Thrombocytes
Less than 1% of all formed elements
Not cells -> cell fragments
Agglutinogen
Antigen or erythrocyte
A, B, Rh
Only A -> type A -> anti B / trans. -> A,O
Only B -> type B -> anti A / trans. -> B,O
A + B -> type AB -> neither / trans. A,B,AB,O
Neither -> type O -> anti A & B / trans -> O
Agglutinins
Agglutinins = antibody in plasma
Two types:
- anti A
- anti B
Don’t want same anti body as antigen
Agglutination -> anti a binds a erythrocytes together (not good)
Rh
If erythrocyte has a Rh agglutinogens
-> +
If erythrocyte does not have Rh agglutinogens
-> -
You will only make anti Rh agglutinins if you are a Rh- person who has been exposed (sensitized) to Rh+ blood
Unconscious person -> give O- blood
Types of blood vessels
Artery
Vein
Capillary
Blood vessels
Artery
-> carries blood away from the heart
Vein
-> carries blood to the heart
Capillary
-> site of exchange
Layers of a blood vessel wall
- Tunica Intima (tunica interna)
- innermost layer
- simple squamous epithelium
- > endothelium - endothelium sits on basement membrane
- Tunica Media
- middle layer of artery + vein
- smooth muscle
- elastic connective tissue
- Tunica Externa (tunica adventitia)
- outermost layer
- loose connective tissue
Atherosclerosis
Inflammation of a blood vessel wall
-> causes lipids to begin to build up in the wall of the blood vessel
Circuits
- Pulmonary
- > heart to lungs
- Systemic
Heart
In pericardial cavity
- pericardium cavity
- visceral pericardium (touches heart)
- parietal pericardium (outer layer of serous membrane)
Layers of heart wall
- Endocardium
- lines the chambers of the heart
-> endothelium
(simple squamous)
(sits on areolar CT) - Myocardium -> cardiac muscle
- Epicardium
- same as visceral pericardium
(simple squamous)
(sits on areolar CT)
Deoxygenated blood returning from systemic circuit via systemic veins
Superior + Inferior Venae Cavae
-> dump into
Right atrium
- thin myocardium
- > pectinate muscled
Tricuspid Valve
-> into
Right ventricle
- thin cardium
- cusps of the valve
- > choardae tendinae
- > papillary muscles
- > trabaculae carnae (raised ridges)
- > choardae tendinae
Pulmonary semilunar valve
-> into
Pulmonary trunk
-splits into two BV’s
->
Pulmonary arteries (2)
->
Lungs
Oxygenated blood returning from pulmonary circulation
Lungs
->
Pulmonary veins (carry oxygenated blood)
-> into
Left atrium
- thin myocardium
- smooth internal wall-> into
Bicuspid (mitral) valve
-> into
Left ventricle
- only chamber with thick myocardium*
- cusps of valve
- > chordae tendinae
- > papillary muscles
- > trabaculae carnae
- > papillary muscles
- > chordae tendinae
Aortic semilunar valve
-> into
Aorta
-splits into..
- > all systemic arteries
- > body
(Restart from previous card beginning)
Electrical conduction system
- ) sinoatrial (SA) node
- top of right atrium
- contains pacemaker cells - ) internodal pathways
- in walls of atria - ) atrioventricular (AV) node
- top of interventricular septum
—————> atria contract
- ) Bundle of his
- ) Bundle branches
- both interventricular septum - ) pukinje fibers
- in walls of ventricles
——————> ventricles contract
