Circulatory system (Cardiovascular and lymphatic systems)

Question 1

Name the two systems which make up the circulatory system

Answer 1

The cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system

Question 2

Name the 3 main parts of the cardiovascular system

Answer 2

1. Heart (pump)
2. Arterial system
3. Venous system

Question 3

The circuit from right ventricle through the lungs to left atrium is called…?

Answer 3

Pulmonary circulation

Question 4

The circuit from the left ventricle to the right at right atrium is called…?

Answer 4

Systemic circulation

Question 5

Name the three types of blood vessels

Answer 5

Arteries, Veins and capillaries

Question 6

Which side of the heart has oxygenated blood and which side has de-oxygenated blood?

Answer 6

The left side has oxygenated blood and the right side has de-oxygenated blood

Question 7

Name the 3 layers of the heart

Answer 7

1. Outer layer is epicardium (visceral serous pericardium)
2. Middle layer is myocardium (cardiac muscle layer)
3. Inner layer is endocardium (continuous with the endothelium of blood vessels connecting with the heart)

Question 8

In which sequence does blood flow through the vessels?

Answer 8

Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

Question 9

What are the purpose of valves?

Answer 9

To prevent backflow

Question 10

Name the different arteries as you move down the upper limb (e.g left upper limb)

Answer 10

1. Left subclavian artery
2. Left axillary artery
3. Left brachial artery
4. Bifurication to give the left radial artery and the left ulnar artery

Question 11

What term means contraction of the heart?

Answer 11

Systole

Question 12

What terms means relaxation of the heart?

Answer 12

Diastole

Question 13

Name the four valves in the heart and their position

Answer 13

1. Tricuspid valve - Between right atrium and right ventricle
2. Mitral valve - Between left atrium and left ventricle
3. Pulmonary valve - Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
4. Aortic valve - Between left ventricle and aorta

Question 14

Describe the one normal route for electrical conduction of the heart

Answer 14

1. Electrical impulse starts at sinoatrial node which causes both atria to contract
2. Travels to the atrioventricular node at the atrioventricular septum
3. Travels down the right and left bundles in the interventricular septum
4. Spreads out to mycardium through conducting fibres which causes both ventricles to contract

Question 15

Do arteries carry blood at high or low pressure from the heart?

Answer 15

High pressure

Question 16

What does sympathetic tone mean?

Answer 16

This is the low level of contraction which is there all the time in arteries

Question 17

What is an anastomoses and what is it’s purpose?

Answer 17

An anastomoses is where arteries connect with each other without an intervening capillary network. Their purpose is to provide an alternative route for blood flow to supply cells distal to an arterial occlusion (blockage)

Question 18

What is an arterial occlusion?

Answer 18

A blockage in the arteries

Question 19

What layers make up the structure of an artery?

Answer 19

1. Tunica adventitia
2. Tunica media
3. Tunica intima
4. Elastic lamina
5. Lumen

Question 20

What layers make up the structure of a vein?

Answer 20

1. Lumen

2. Valve cusps

Question 21

What are true terminal arteries?

Answer 21

These are end arteries which are arteries that do not anastomise with adjacent arteries. So the end artery is the only arterial blood supply to a given area

Question 22

What are venules and arterioles?

Answer 22

Venules are the smallest veins and they drain capillary

beds and join similar vessels to form small veins. Arterioles are small arteries which connect to capillaries

Question 23

What does vasoconstriction and vasodilation mean?

Answer 23

Vasoconstriction is contraction which decreases the diameter to reduce blood flow and vasodilation is relaxation which causes widening of lumen to increase blood flow

Question 24

Name 5 properties of veins

Answer 24

1. They carry deoxygenated blood from the capillaries to the heart
2. They have low pressure and do not pulsate
3. They have thin walls which collapse when empty
4. They have valves
5. They have a large capacity for expansion

Question 25

What is the name given to something which splits into 2 branches and 3 branches

Answer 25

Bifurcation is when something splits into 2 branches and trifurcation is when something splits into 3 branches

Question 26

Name the 4 parts of the aorta and how many branches do they have?

Answer 26

1. Ascending aorta - 2 branches 2. Arch of aorta - 3 branches 3. Thoracic aorta - many branches 4. Abdominal aorta - many branches

Question 27

Where does all the systemic arterial blood enter first?

Answer 27

The aorta

Question 28

Describe 3 properties of the aorta

Answer 28

1. It has elastic walls which expand under pressure 2. Elastic recoil which maintains peripheral flow during diastole 3. Has many branches which supplies the whole body

Question 29

Name the 2 positions of veins

Answer 29

Superficial and deep

Question 30

What are capillaries?

Answer 30

They are simple (single layer) endothelial tubes which connect the arterial and venous sides and they allow for the exchange of materials such as gas, nutrients

Question 31

What does the right lymphatic duct do and where does it go?

Answer 31

It drains lymph from the body's right upper quadrant (right side of head, neck, and thorax plus the right upper limb). At the root of the neck, it enters the junction of the right internal jugular and right subclavian veins, the right venous angle

Question 32

What does the thoracic duct do?

Answer 32

It drains lymph from the remainder of the body

Question 33

What is an important indicator of possible injury, infection, or disease in the lymphatic system?

Answer 33

The inflammation of lymphatic vessels and/or enlargement of lymphatic nodes

Question 34

Name the 7 important components of the lymphatic system

Answer 34

1. Lymphatic capillaries 2. Lymphatic plexuses 3. Lymphatic vessels 4. Lymph 5. Lymph nodes 6. Lymphocytes 7. Lymphoid organs

Question 35

What is the term used to describe large collecting vessels in the lymphatic system?

Answer 35

Lymphatic trunks

Question 36

What is the main purpose of the lymphatic system?

Answer 36

The lymphatic system drains surplus fluid from the extracellular spaces to the bloodstream. This means that proteins and cellular debris don't normally accumulate in the extracellular spaces