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Biology - AQA - GCSE > Circulatory System, Respiratory System and Immunity > Flashcards

Circulatory System, Respiratory System and Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What can be found in tyre of the lungs? (from top to bottom)

A
  • The trachea
  • The right and left bronchus
  • The bronchioles
  • Alveoli
  • Intercostal muscles
  • Ribs
  • Diaphram
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2
Q

What happens when you inhale?

A
  • External muscles contract
  • Ribs move up
  • Diaphragm muscles contracts
  • Diagram lowers
  • Volume of the chest increases
  • Pressure in the chest decreases
  • Air pressure in the lungs is lower than atmospheric pressure
  • Air rushes into to the lungs
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3
Q

What happens when you exhale?

A
  • External muscles relax
  • Ribs move down
  • Diaphragm muscles relax
  • Diagram raised
  • Volume of the chest decreases
  • Pressure in the chest increases
  • Air pressure in the lungs is higher than atmospheric pressure
  • Air rushes out of the lungs
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4
Q

How are alveoli adapted for gas exchange via diffusion between air in the lungs and blood in the capillaries?

A
  • Large surface area
  • Moist surface to allow oxygen to dissolve
  • A thin lining to allow fast diffusion of gases
  • Lots of blood capillaries surrounding them
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5
Q

Give 3 examples of chemicals in cigarettes:

A
  • Carbon monoxide
  • Tar
  • Nicotine
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6
Q

What does carbon monoxide do to you?

A

It combines with haemoglobin in red blood cells, which reduces the capacity to carry oxygen - forms carboxyhemoglobin - eventually suffocating you to death

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7
Q

What does tar do to you?

A

It is a carcinogen (chemical that can cause cancer), forms a sticky layer in the lungs - coats the bronchi, bronchioles, trachea and alveoli - smokers cough - difficulty with gas exchange

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8
Q

What is nicotine?

A

It is a stimulant. It causes the release of more of the neurotransmitter dopamine at the synapses of nerves in the reward centre of the brain. It is not particularly harmful itself but increases exposure to cigarette smoke

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9
Q

Give 3 side effects of nicotine:

A
  • Increases heart rate
  • Increases blood pressure
  • Decreases appetite
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10
Q

Give 3 consequences of smoking:

A
  • Cancer
  • Emphysema
  • Bronchitis
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11
Q

How does smoking cause cancer?

A

Cancer carcinogenic chemicals cause the DNA in cells to mutate, and thus divide uncontrollably

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12
Q

How does smoking cause Emphysema?

A
  • Destruction of alveoli for gas exchange causes the surface area of the lungs to hugely decrease
  • Patient feels short of breath
  • Chemicals in cigarettes also break down elastic proteins structures in the lungs, reducing their elasticity and so causes the bronchioles and alveoli to collapse
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13
Q

How does smoking cause Bronchitis?

A
  • The cilia lining the trachea are paralysed by hot smoke and the chemicals in it
  • This irritates the passages to the lungs
  • Passages become inflamed and narrow
  • Production of Mucas by the goblet cells in the trachea increases, but the mucus cannot be removed so infections occur (bacteria becomes trapped in the trachea)
  • Lack of cilia and increased mucus causes cough reflex, referred to as smokers’ cough
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14
Q

Why are smokers more susceptible to lung infections such as bronchitis and emphysema then a non smoker?

A
  • The cells lining the trachea and bronchi produce a sticky mucus which traps dirt particles and bacteria
  • Fine hairs called cilia move the mucus up and out of the lungs, the heat and chemicals from the cigarette smoke paralyses the cilia (they cannot be killed, they are hair like extensions on cells!)
  • Smokers are more likely to get lung infections such as bronchitis (sufferers get a chesty cough) and emphysema (sufferers become breathless because the walls between their alveoli break down so there is a smaller area for gas exchange).
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15
Q

What happens when you smoke during a pregnancy?

A
  • If a woman smokes during pregnancy, they is a lack of oxygen given to the baby
  • This affects the baby’s growth and development so it is likely to be underdeveloped
  • It is also more likely to be mentally unwell
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16
Q

Describe the effect of exercise on your body and your breathing:

A
  • During exercise, there is an increase in physical activity and muscle cells respire more than they do when the body is at rest
  • The heart rate increases during exercise. The rate and depth of breathing increases - this makes sure that more oxygen is absorbed into the blood, and more carbon dioxide is removed from it
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17
Q

How can the rate of breathing be measured?

A
  • The rate of breathing can be measured by counting the number of breaths in one minute
  • The depth of breathing can be measured using a spirometer (a device that measures the volume of air inhaled and exhaled)
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18
Q

How could you investigate the effect st of exercise on breathing?

A
  • To investigate the effects of exercise on breathing, record the rate of breathing for a few minutes when the person is at rest
  • After they do some exercise, record their rate of breathing every minute until it returns to the normal resting value
19
Q

Describe a practical investigating the effect of exercise on breathing (CORRMMSS):

A 
Change - the number of star jumps
Organism - a healthy 20 year old male
Range - 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 star jumps
Repeat - 3 times
Measure - How long it takes for his breathing rate to return to normal 
Measurements - minutes
Same - the temperature of the environment in which the exercise is taking place 
Same - the type of exercise
20
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen —> water + carbon dioxide (and energy)

21
Q

What is the chemical equation for aerobic respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6H2O + 6CO2

22
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?

A

Glucose + lactic acid (and less energy)

23
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and fungi?

A

Glucose —> ethanol + carbon dioxide (and less energy)

24
Q

Presence of oxygen in aerobic and anaerobic respiration:

A
  • Aerobic = present

- Anaerobic = absent or in short supply

25
Q

Oxidation of glucose in aerobic and anaerobic respiration:

A
  • Aerobic = complete

- Anaerobic = incomplete, the products of respiration still contain energy

26
Q

Products of respiration in aerobic and anaerobic respiration:

A
  • Aerobic = Carbon dioxide and water, the products do not contain stored chemical energy
  • Anaerobic = Mammalian muscle: lactic acid, yeast: ethanol and carbon dioxide, the products still contain stored chemical energy
27
Q

Amount of energy released in aerobic and anaerobic respiration:

A
  • Aerobic = relatively large amount

- Anaerobic = small amount, but quickly

28
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

29
Q

What is ATP?

A

It is a high-energy chemical that is related in all living organisms through the process of respiration

30
Q

What does ATP provide for cells?

A

Energy

31
Q

Describe the method for a practical investigating the evolution of carbon dioxide:

A
  • Measure out 10 cm3 of hydrogencarbonate indicator into 3 boiling tubes
  • Put in a layer of cotton wool
  • Place 10 germinating seeds in tube A
  • Place 10 boiled/dead seeds in tube B
  • Place 10 glass beads in tube C
  • Seal each tube with a rubber bung
  • After 3 hours, observe the colour of the indicator
32
Q

Colour results for hydrogen carbonate indicator:

A
  • Atmospheric CO2 Level = orange
  • High CO2 Levels = yellow (absorbs CO2)
  • Low CO2 levels = purple (loses CO2)
33
Q

Results for the practical investigating the evolution of carbon dioxide using a hydrogencarbonate indicator:

A
  • Tube A should turn yellow as the seeds are respiring and producing carbon dioxide
  • Tube B should remain orange as the dead seeds produce no carbon dioxide
  • Tube C should remain orange as there is no living material in there
34
Q

Describe the method in a practical investigating the production of heat:

A
  • Set up vacuum flasks
  • In flask A put germinating seeds
  • In flask B put dead seeds
  • Make sure the cotton wool is plugging the top of each flask
  • Hold the thermometer in place with the cotton wool
  • Invert the flask
  • Record the initial temperature
  • After 4 days, record the final temperature
35
Q

Results for the practical investigating the production of heat using vacuum flasks:

A
  • The thermometer in the flask with the germinating seeds (flask A) should
    show an increase in temperature
  • Flask B should remain at room temperature
  • This is because the seeds in flask A are respiring and producing heat energy in the process
  • This shows that respiration is an exothermic reaction
  • The seeds in flask B are not respiring because they are dead, so the temperature remains the same
36
Q

Describe a practical investigating the evolution of carbon dioxide (CORRMMSS):

A
  • Change – We will change the content of the boiling tube (germinating
    seeds, dead seeds or glass beads)
  • Organisms – The seeds used should all be of the same age, size and species
  • Repeat – We will repeat the investigation x3 to ensure our results are reliable
  • Measure – We will observe the change in the hydrogen carbonate indicator
  • Measurements – …after 3 hours
  • Same – We will control the volume of hydrogen carbonate indicator

Same - the number of seeds/beads (and the temperature of the environment)

37
Q

Describe a practical investigating the production of heat (CORRMMSS):

A
  • Change – We will change the content of the flasks (germinating seeds or dead seeds)
  • Organisms – The seeds used should all be of the same age, size and species
  • Repeat – We will repeat the investigation several times to ensure our results are reliable
  • Measure – We will observe the change in the temperature on the thermometer
  • Measurements – …after 4 days
  • Same – We will control the number of seeds
  • Same - the starting temperature of the flasks (and the material and size of the flasks)
38
Q

Describe the set up and apparatus in a practical investigating the role of anaerobic respiration by yeast in different conditions:

A
  • 1 test tube containing yeast in a boiled, cooled, sugar solution at the bottom and liquid paraffin on top to prevent oxygen from reaching the yeast
  • 1 test tube containing lime water of hydrogen carbonate indicator solution
  • The 2 test tubes have rubber bungs sealing them and are connected by a tube
39
Q

The results in a practical investigating the role of anaerobic respiration by yeast in different conditions:

A

The lime water will turn milky/cloudy, showing that carbon dioxide is produced gene yeast respires anaerobically

40
Q

What is the composition of blood?

A
  • Plasma = 55%
  • Platelets/White blood cells = 1%
  • Red Blood Cells = 45%
41
Q

What is the structure of red blood cells?

A
  • Biconcave shape
  • Contains Haemoglobin
  • No nucleus etc
42
Q

What is the function of Red blood cells?

A

To transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body

43
Q

How are red blood cells adapted to their function?

A
  • Biconcave shape
  • Contains no nucleus (more room for O2 to be transported)
  • Contains haemoglobin
  • Large surface area : volume ratio
44
Q

What is the structure of white blood cells?

A
  • Lymphocytes = large nucleus

- Phagocytes = lobed nucleus

Biology - AQA - GCSE (4 decks)

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