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Geography Yearly > Cities > Flashcards

Cities Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Economic advantages of cities

A
  • access to work, industry, income
  • locations for businesses + companies to base their offices
  • Provide companies with large numbers of customers
  • Access to transport links e.g railways, highways
  • Wide range of job opportunities
  • Birthplace of new ideas - subways, elevators, telephones etc
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2
Q

What are the Social advantages of cities

A
  • Access to schools, hospitals, entertainment, sporting, + cultural events
  • Easier + cheaper to supply services in cities
  • Large range of goods + services
  • Cities provide residents with water, electricity, supermarkets, public transport, healthcare, internet access, schools
  • Access to entertainment e.g theatres
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3
Q

What is the result of migration

A

Growing populations in cities(urban explosion)

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4
Q

What do migrants come in search for

A

employment, education, better standards of living, links with people of the same cultural background

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5
Q

What does immigration cause

A

cultural diversity

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6
Q

What are the environmental disadvantages of cities

(7)

A
  • Cities change the natural environment
  • Air, water, soil pollution from people, factories, cars etc
  • Transportation of goods + services creates more pollution
  • Larger cities put more stress on natural environment
  • Expanding cities means forests are cleared, wetlands are drained, rivers are diverted
  • Replacing soil for concrete creates disastrous consequences for native animal populations
  • Creates endangered species
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7
Q

What are the social disadvantages of cities

A
  • Overcrowding and rising house prices
  • Lack of schools + hospitals in new areas on edges of cities
  • Expansion of cities comes at a cost to people
  • Competitions for services + resources
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8
Q

What is traffic congestion

A

The result of too many people trying to use the roads at the same time

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9
Q

What is rise in costs

(what is it caused by)

A

Greater numbers of people are competing for resources that can be supplied

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10
Q

Why are there waiting times for services

A

more people trying to access these services than they were designed to accommodate

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11
Q

What are crime rates determined by

A

Combination of unemployment, cultural + economic background, age, and gender

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12
Q

What resulted in the growth of cities worldwide

A

Increase in people residing in cities (growing city populations)

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13
Q

Where are the most megacities located

A

Asia, South America, Africa. Asia has the most megacities

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14
Q

Name some of Asia’s megacities

A

Tokyo, New Delhi, Jakarta, and Shanghai

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15
Q

Where do most Australians live

A

on the coast

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16
Q

Maps can be used to find the population ______.

A

density

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17
Q

What is meant by high population density

A

Regions where there are lots of people per square km(on a map)

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18
Q

What is meant by low population density

A

Regions where there are very few of people per square km(on a map)

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19
Q

What are cities located near

A

Features humans need most - fresh water, fertile soil, transport links

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20
Q

Why were towns built close to coasts near rivers

A
  • fresh water
  • trade routes/ transport routes
  • communication
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21
Q

When did towns begin to develop

A

After important minerals such as gold was discovered

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22
Q

What are the 3 environmental factors affecting why people live where they do

A

-rainfall, soil fertility, climate

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23
Q

Places that receive the _______ reliable rainfall are the most populated

A

most

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24
Q

Places that receive the _______ reliable rainfall are the least populated

A

least

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25
Q

What does the Great dividing range impact

A

climate, vegetation, + animals of the east coast of Aus

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26
Q

Explain the process of the Great Diving Range and how it affects climate on the EASTERN side

A
  • Winds from south-east push warm, moist air over the land
  • Air is forced to rise over the mountain range
  • As the are rises, it cools, condenses, and forms water droplets which fall on the eastern side of the range
  • Water falls into rivers and supplies fresh water
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27
Q

Explain how The Great Diving Range affects climate on the WESTERN side

A
  • Land is dry + flat
  • Moist air that passes over the range is now dry
  • air stays warm but is also dry
  • little rainfall
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28
Q

What is fresh water used for

A

drinking, food production, hydroelectricity, industry, transport

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29
Q

Where do the majority of Americans live

A

urban areas

30
Q

What is BosNYWash classed as

A

megalopolis

31
Q

What are the 3 main parts of US cities

A

city centre, suburbs, exurbs

32
Q

What is at the centre of most American cities

A

tall skyscrapers, high density residential apartment buildings

33
Q

What is downtown in an American city

A
  • place where the city was first settled
  • contains head offices of large companies
  • large residential apartment buildings
34
Q

Why are buildings taller rather than wide in city centre in American cities

A

land in city centre is expensive

35
Q

What are suburbs in American cities

A
  • large areas of medium density residential housing
  • home to over half of people living in cities
36
Q

What are exurbs in American cities

A
  • separated by suburbs but connected by a network of roads + railways
  • separated by farmlands and open spaces
  • people living in exurbs travel into the city for work
37
Q

What are exurbs also called in US cities

A

Dormitory suburbs

38
Q

What is urban sprawl

A

When suburbs and exurbs expand and join together, increasing the size of the city

39
Q

what is the key driver of urban sprawl

A

car ownership

40
Q

Why is car ownership the key driver of urban sprawl

A

Cars allow people who live in suburbs + exurbs to commute to work in the city centre more safely + easily

41
Q

What are the 5 areas of New York known as

A

boroughs

42
Q

Describe American apartments

A
  • Each floor divided into 4-6 apartments
  • Convenience stores at ground level
  • Subway stations nearby
  • Corner coffee shops are popular as apartments are too small for entertainment
  • About half of NY pop owns an apartment, other half rents one
43
Q

What links cities with suburbs

A

tunnels, bridges, rail lines, ferries, bicycle lanes, pedestrian walkways

44
Q

What are voluntary migrants

A

People who are free to choose when and where they move

45
Q

What is sea change

A

The movement of people to regional coastal towns

46
Q

What do coastal areas need as they grow

A

sewerage systems, water resources, roads, + services

47
Q

What are the 2 categories of factors of migration

A

Push and pull factors

48
Q

What are push factors

A

Negative factors which push people away from a place

49
Q

What are pull factors

A

Positive factors which pull people towards a place

50
Q

What is counter-migration

A

when migrants go back to where they moved from

51
Q

What are examples of push factors

A
  • not enough jobs
  • low entertainment options
  • poor healthcare facilities
  • lack of educational opportunities
  • religious or political persecution
  • natural disasters
52
Q

What are examples of pull factors

A
  • job opportunities
  • more sporting and entertainment options
  • medical specialists and hospitals
  • schools and universities
  • better living conditions
  • better climate
53
Q

What are refugees

A

People who have been forced to cross international borders to escape persecution or to find another home after a natural disaster

54
Q

Where do refugees commonly come from

A

Pakistan, Iran, Turkey

55
Q

What are the 3 main ways to manage growth of cities

A

Suburbanisation, Urban renewal, decentralisation

56
Q

What is suburbanisation

A

the process of growing cities outwards by building new housing estates away from the CBD

57
Q

Explain the process of suburbanisation

A
  • new suburbs are built on what was once farm/bushland on the fringe of urban areas
  • Services are attached to these areas to meet the needs of growing population
  • area becomes urbanised
  • Industries are attracted by the cheaper land + rent of these developing suburbs
58
Q

What are the advantages of suburbanisation

A
  • housing estates are relatively quick and inexpensive to establish
  • affordable options for housing
  • new housing can be built more energy efficient and sustainable
59
Q

What are the disadvantages of suburbanisation

A
  • new infrastructure to build near growing suburbs can be very expensive
  • local services can be slow to arrive
  • residents end up relying on motor vehicles due to infrequent or unreliable public transport - road congestion
60
Q

What is urban renewal

A

the process of taking existing areas no longer in use within a city’s boundaries and redeveloping them

61
Q

Explain the process of urban renewal

A
  • areas selected are places that have become rundown over time(urban decay)
  • areas are redeveloped to provide new houses fro residents and offices for businesses
62
Q

What does urban renewal allow for

A

housing estates to be built in existing urban areas so that more people can be housed within established suburbs rather than needing to build new ones

63
Q

What are the advantages of urban renewal

A
  • help a city cope with population growth without the need for urban sprawl
  • developers can make use of existing infrastructure when establishing new areas e.g transport routes, energy supply, telecommunications
  • new residents get the advantage of inner-city living
64
Q

What are the disadvantages of urban renewal

A
  • historic areas with special significance can be expensive to refurbish
  • new buildings must blend in with existing ones - restrictions on development
  • sharp increases in population numbers in a small area can put pressure on services + decrease the liveability for existing residents
  • e.g public transport may not be able to meet the increased demand leading to overcrowding on certain routes
65
Q

What is decentralisation

A

process of encouraging population growth and job creation in areas outside CBDs of major cities

66
Q

What is decentralisation used for

A

to take pressure off larger capital cities by providing job opportunities in other areas - regional + suburb areas

67
Q

What is decentralisation to regional cities

A
  • encourage people to move to smaller regional cities and towns nearby
  • industries and companies are given financial benefits to encourage them to move their operations
  • Government departments are also established in regional areas
68
Q

What is decentralisation to suburbs

A
  • used to spread the location of multiple business activity centres so that business is not all centralised in the CBD
  • smaller business activity centres become hubs for employment
  • established in a range of suburbs with good public transport
69
Q

Why was decentralisation to suburbs designed

A
  • designed to spread the load so that all workers do not have to travel to the CBD everyday
70
Q

What is natural decentralisation

A
  • population movement trends which cause migration without government involvement
  • e.g more people moving to coastal areas
71
Q

What are advantages to decentralisation

A
  • help relieve some of the problems of large cities such as cost of housing, traffic congestion, and damage to the natural environment
72
Q

What are disadvantages to decentralisation

A
  • difficult and expensive to get companies and workers to move to regional centres in numbers necessary to make incentive(profit) and development programs(increasing smaller areas) a success

Geography Yearly (2 decks)

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