Cities of Vesuvius Flashcards
(39 cards)
1
Q
The geographical setting and natural features of Campania
A
- Vesuvius dominates the plain of Campania
- Phlegraean fields lie behind Puteoli, 15 km wide, consist of aries of creators, pools with boiling mud and vents (fumaroles), sulphur + steam escape
- Fertile land from MtV.
- Crescent shaped volcanic plain known as Campania
- Pompeii is on a volcanic spur formed by an old lava flow, sea breeze from the bay
2
Q
The eruption of AD 79 and its impact on Pompeii and Herculaneum
A
- Killed everyone in Pompeii and
- Herculaneum
- Asphyxiation
- Suffocation
- Crushed
- Vaporisation
- Destroyed buildings
3
Q
Early discoveries and the changing nature of excavations in the 19th and 20th centuries
A
4
Q
Representations of Pompeii and Herculaneum over time
A
5
Q
Role of the forum
A
- Public building associated with administration, religion and commerce
- Surrounded by double-colonnaded portico in white limestone, featuring standing and equestrian statues honouring the emperor and imperial family
- 41 standing and 16 equestrian statues are all that remain
6
Q
Trade
A
- Imports of: Tableware from northern Italy, Wine from Turkey, Olive oil from Libya and Spain, Garum from Spain
- Exports of: Garum, Wine, Bronze and metal work
7
Q
Commerce
A
- Bustling commercial centre
- 600 shops workshops, bars and inns
8
Q
Industries
A
- Large wine, oil and Garum (primary source of income) production
- Large fishing industry
9
Q
Occupations
A
- Bakers
- Clothing makers (Fullonica)
10
Q
The social structure
A
- The elite
- Plebs media - wealthy but outside the elite
- Plebs humilis - The humblest of the freed
11
Q
Men (freeborn)
A
- Could hold political office
- Wealthy landowners and businessmen
- Controlled public finances, spaces and religion
- Privileged seats in the amphitheatre and theatre
- Received honorary statues and tombs
12
Q
Women (freeborn)
A
- Under legal control of their fathers or husbands
- Could own property
- Conducted businesses
- Constructed buildings and tombs
- Supported electoral candidates
- Received honorary statues and tombs
13
Q
Liberti (freedmen)
A
- Libertus and Liberta
- Men and women freed from slavery
- Worked for their former masters
- Many became wealthy and influential
- Withheld their relationship with their masters
- Associated with crafts, trade and commerce
- Libertus could own businesses and hold formal political office
- Liberta could not ^
- Libertus often participated in religious cults
14
Q
Slaves
A
- Servi
- Would help their masters with their businesses, sales, house work e.t.c
- Large population of P. and H. was from Servi origin
- Offspring from slaves belonged to their masters
- Slaves could be manumitted by their masters
15
Q
Local political life
A
Executive:
- Two duoviri (responsible for crime, electoral roles e.t.c)
- Two aediles (administered public and private buildings, maintained roads, regulated markets)
16
Q
Decuriones
A
- Legislature (city council) - 100 members (decurions) who were chosen from ex-magistrates
- Control cities finances and taxation
- Granted honorific statues and tombs
17
Q
Magistrates
A
18
Q
Comitium
A
19
Q
Housing
A
- Atrium: Rectangular hall off the Vestibulum, heart of domestic activity, ceremonial and sacred.
- Ala: Shrine for their family and paterfamilias
- Cubiculum: small bedroom
- Culina: Kitchen, found in wealthy homes
- Exedra: garden room located off the peristyle, used for entertainment, wall paintings show garden themes
- Peristylium: colonnaded garden, large closed area overlooking the viridarium
- Taberna: Shop front
- Tricillium: Dining room, located off the Atrium
- Vestibulum: Entrance hall
20
Q
Leisure activities
A
- Gladiators were usually slaves or criminals
- Helmets, greaves and weapons were found in the gladiator’s barracks. Due to poor recording much evidence was lost.
- People would gamble on the outcome of the cockfights
21
Q
Food and Dining
A
- Latrines in wealthy homes were used as a kitchen.
- Kitchens were commonly mobile in most houses
- Garum: Fermented mixture of different fish species.
- Aulus Umbricius Scaurus made and exported garum in P.
- Small terracotta jars would hold the Garum
- Takeaway food was common
- Dolia was used to serve fast food
- Tricillium was the location of dining inside the Domus
- Wealthy people would sit and eat whereas poorer people and slaves would stand.
22
Q
Clothing
A
- Evidence of clothing comes from primarily artistic representations
- ^ may not be reliable because they may have wanted to be represented differently
- Status was shown through stripes + colours
- Women did not wear togas
- Stola: Long, sleeveless tunic, worn on top of another tunic, worn by women of rank and as a symbol of marriage
- Palla: Cloak worn over a woman’s head when outdoors.
- Vittae: Woolen headband
23
Q
Health
A
24
Q
Baths
A
- Apodyterium: change room
- Frigidarium: Cold bath
- Tepidarium: Warm bath
- Caldarium: Hot bath
- Palaestra: Exercise areas
- Marine themed decorations
- Visitors would also play sports and exercise
- Therapies: massages, garden walks, music, poetry, reading in the library, conduct business
- Pornographic graffiti
- Lamps found in the baths tell us that they may have been open during the night
- Stabian Baths: Oldest baths in P.
- Suburban Baths: financed by Marcus nonius Bulbus.
25
Household Gods
26
Temples
27
Foreign cults and religions
28
Tombs
29
Influence of Greek and Egyptian cultures: art and architecture
Egyptian:
- Frescoes showing Egyptian animals such as hippos found in P.
Greek:
- Architectural styles
- Religion included Greek gods
- Mosaic, found in the triclinium in the House of the Faun, depicts the Greek God Dionysus
30
Pompeian forum project: 1988
- Began because: Plans of the form were inaccurate and incomplete, recorded architectural and decorative remains were rapidly deteriorating
- Led by John Dobbins
- Computer mapping
- AutoCad - electronic surveying devices
31
Herculaneum conservation project: 2000
- Aim to halt the serious decay to Herculaneum so that it can be maintained sustainably
- Faced major groundwater problems
- Replaced roofing
- Introduced safeguarding walls
- Restoring 20th century reinforced concrete lintels
- Consolidating wall paintings and bubbling mosaics
- Identified sustainable methodologies that can be used to conserve the wall paintings, plasters, mosaic and wooden features
32
Issues of conservation and reconstruction (natural)
- Sunlight: discolouration of mosaics, frescoes and wall paintings
- Water: deterioration, erosion
- Weeds: Roots undermine the foundations of houses, destabilise walls and buckle, and loosen mosaic floors
- Birds + insects: Acidic excreta, pecking and eating wooden structures. In 2004 the HCP used falcons to give the impression that they lived their to scare away the birds
33
Poor restoration work
- Soft wood lintels
- Rusting of iron armatures in concrete: split concrete, collapse of structures
- Fresco protection: Paraffin wax, perspex cases on mosaics and frescoes create a damp environment - mold
- Non-expert building firms
34
Looting and poor security
- An Italian preservationist group states that between 1975 and 2000, nearly 600 items were stolen from the sites
- In 1977, 14 frescoes were cut from walls inside the House of the Gladiators
- In 1990, a storeroom was robbed of 250 artefacts
- In 1997, several heads were cut from Pompeian plaster casts by the local Italian mafia
- In 2000, a fire was set near the house of Iphigenia.
35
Ethical issues (excavation)
36
Ethical issues (conservation)
37
Ethical issues (Study and display for human remains)
38
Value and impact of tourism: problems and solutions
39
Sara Bisel
- Calculated the mean heights for the sample from Herculaneum
- Results indicate that their diets were adequate and allowed for good health during the period of bone growth
- Soldier
- Had swords and tools with his skeleton
- 32% of the male and 11.4% of the female population had suffered some kind of bone trauma
- Analysis of the teeth
- Diets contained little sugar
- Fluoride found in fish was a primary part of their diet - provided protection against tooth decay
- There were many instances of gum disease and teeth loss prior to their death
- Vegetables and seafood were the main sources of protein
