Civil Engineering Orientation Module 5 : Water Resources Engineering

Question 1

is a specialty dealing with the use of water in support of modern living, including the agricultural, industrial, domestic, recreational, and environmental needs.

Answer 1

Water Resources Engineering

Question 2

The process where water is conserved and neither created nor destroyed

Answer 2

Hydrologic Cycle

Question 3

occurs when atmospheric moisture becomes too great to remain suspended in the clouds.

Answer 3

Precipitation

Question 4

greatest source of precipitation, about 90%

Answer 4

Ocean Evaporation

Question 5

predominant form of precipitation and its distribution over the world or within a country.

Answer 5

Rainfall

Question 6

is the water that flows across the land surface after a storm event.

Answer 6

Runoff

Question 7

Portion of the precipitation falling on land surface which does not flow as runoff gets stored as either water bodies like Lakes, Reservoirs and Wetlands or as sub-surface water body, called groundwater.

Answer 7

Storage

Question 8

sub-surface water body.

Answer 8

Groundwater

Question 9

water infiltrating through the soil cover of a land surface and travelling further to reach the huge body of water underground.

Answer 9

Groundwater Storage

Question 10

Large, naturally occurring inland body of water.

Answer 10

Lakes

Question 11

Artificial or natural inland body of water used to store water to meet demands.

Answer 11

Reservoirs

Question 12

Natural or artificial areas of shallow water or saturated soils that contain or could support.

Answer 12

Wet Lands

Question 13

Combination of evaporation and transpiration. It includes all evaporation from water and land surfaces, as well as transpiration from plants.

Answer 13

Evapotranspiration

Question 14

Recuperation of groundwater to increase table elevation.

Answer 14

Groundwater Recharge

Question 15

Deals with the design of artificial waterways and manage water movement

Answer 15

Hydraulic Engineering

Question 16

a term that describes both liquid and gas.

Answer 16

Fluid

Question 17

Results from different molecular bonding condition at the free surface compared to bonds within the liquid.

Answer 17

Surface Tension

Question 18

enables water to resist tensile stress.

Answer 18

Cohesion

Question 19

enables water to adhere to another body.

Answer 19

Adhesion

Question 20

property of liquids that results from surface tension in which the liquid rises up or is depressed down a thin tube.

Answer 20

Capillarity

Question 21

weight per unit volume

Answer 21

Specific Weight

Question 22

mass per unit volume.

Answer 22

Density

Question 23

Liquid is the ratio of its specific weight to that of pure water at a standard temperature and should not be confused with specific weight.

Answer 23

Specific Gravity

Question 24

Study of water at rest.

Answer 24

Hydrostatics

Question 25

A simple tube connected to a body of water with its other end open to the atmosphere.

Answer 25

Piezometer

Question 26

Measures high pressure by a heavy liquid such as mercury.

Answer 26

Manometer

Question 27

Uplifting force exerted by water on a submerged solid object.

Answer 27

Buoyancy

Question 28

Study of water in motion.

Answer 28

Hydrodynamics or Hydrokinetics

Question 29

The rate of change of position of the water particles.

Answer 29

Velocity

Question 30

The average speed of all the particles crossing an imaginary plane perpendicular to the direction of motion at a particular location along the conduit.

Answer 30

Velocity of Flow

Question 31

Describes the amount of water passing through an plane per unit time.

Answer 31

Discharge

Question 32

Smooth flow of water with relatively low velocity.

Answer 32

Laminar Flow

Question 33

Rougher flow with pulsating crosscurrents within the conduit.

Answer 33

Turbulent Flow

Question 34

Discharge is unchanged over time.

Answer 34

Steady Flow

Question 35

Relatively rapid change of discharge.

Answer 35

Unsteady Flow

Question 36

Cross-sectional area of the conduit remains constant.

Answer 36

Uniform Flow

Question 37

Change in pipe size and flow.

Answer 37

Nonuniform Flow

Question 38

Used to describe the energy of water in solving hydraulic problems.

Answer 38

Energy Head

Question 39

Described as potential energy head and has length units.

Answer 39

Potential Energy

Question 40

Described as kinetic energy, called velocity head, and also has units of length

Answer 40

Kinetic Energy

Question 41

Recuperation of groundwater to increase table elevation.

Answer 41

Groundwater Recharge

Question 42

Potential energy per unit weight of a mass of water due to the height of the water above some datum.

Answer 42

Position Head

Question 43

Potential energy per unit weight of a mass of water due to the pressure exerted from above.

Answer 43

Pressure Head

Question 44

Kinetic energy per unit weight of a mass of water due to kinetic energy resulting from its motion.

Answer 44

Velocity Head

Question 45

Loss of energy per unit weight of a mass of water due to friction and turbulence.

Answer 45

Head Loss

Question 46

Structures that use hydraulic principles to control the flow of water.

Answer 46

Hydraulic Devices

Question 47

Hole in the wall of a container through which water may flow.

Answer 47

Orifice

Question 48

Point where flow lines are parallel and closest together

Answer 48

Vena Contracta

Question 49

Regulates the flow of water out of an impoundment or reservoir.

Answer 49

Weir

Question 50

Study of the mechanics of water flowing in open conduits.

Answer 50

Open Channel Hydraulics

Question 51

This is the major cause of flooding extensive areas as a result of heavy rains in the catchment areas as well as local areas thereby increasing the river levels.

Answer 51

River Flooding

Question 52

This result due to heavy rains in hilly areas which cause local rivers and small streams to rise to dangerous levels within a short period of time say 6 to 12 hours. Heavy and continuous rains in local areas can cause flash floods.

Answer 52

Flash Floods

Question 53

Local heavy rains up to 100 mm or more in a day over the city and larger towns can cause damaging and disruptive flooding due to poor or choked drainage and rapid runoff.

Answer 53

Urban Flooding

Question 54

This result mostly due to tropical disturbances, developing to cyclones and crossing surrounding coastlines. Cyclone induced storm surges have devastating consequences in coastal areas and such surge induced floods may extend many kilometers inland.

Answer 54

Storm Surge or Tidal Flooding

Question 55

Due to poor maintenance and due to exceptionally high precipitation a severe flood may result causing failure of the dam. This causes a surging water front travelling with high velocity causing destruction of properties and loss of life.

Answer 55

Floods Arising due to Failure of Dam

Question 56

Can be classified into short-term and long-term measures depending on the nature and extent of flooding and local conditions

Answer 56

Flood Management Measures

Question 57

Adopted for giving quick results when immediate relief to some pockets or locations is felt necessary.

Answer 57

Short-term Measures

Question 58

The effectiveness of short-term effects are dependent on these.

Answer 58

Long-term Measures

Question 59

Keep water away from the potential damage areas.

Answer 59

Modify Flooding by Structural Means

Question 60

Keep people away from inundated areas

Answer 60

Flood Forecasting

Question 61

Regulations are framed to avoid undesirable or unwise rise of food plains.

Answer 61

Modify Susceptibility to Flood Damage

Question 62

Provided in storage dams for safe disposal of the excess water flowing into the reservoir after it has filled up.

Answer 62

Spillways

Question 63

Permit controlled release of surplus water in excess of the reservoir capacity.

Answer 63

Controlled Crest Spillway

Question 64

Come into action immediately after the water level reaches the crest of the spillway.

Answer 64

Uncontrolled or Automatic Crest Spillway

Question 65

Act as orifices under partial control of gates and as open crest weirs when full gate openings are made.

Answer 65

Overfall Spillways

Question 66

Commonly adopted for Earth dams.

Answer 66

Chute Spillways

Question 67

Most suitable for narrow canyons.

Answer 67

Side Channel and Shaft Spillways

Question 68

Usually used to provide approximately constant headwater flow under varying flow.

Answer 68

Siphon Spillways

Question 69

Auxiliary spillway provided to take care of the possibility of having a flood geater than the spillway design flood.

Answer 69

Emergency Spillway

Question 70

Used in farming to enable plants to grow when there is not enough rain, particularly in arid areas.

Answer 70

Irrigation-

Question 71

the total required water for crop growth is not uniformly distributed over its entire life span.

Answer 71

Crop Period

Question 72

the watering stops same time before harvest and the time duration from the first irrigation during sowing up to the last before harvest.

Answer 72

Base Period

Question 73

sometimes, in the initial stages before the crop is sown, the land is very dry. In such cases, the soil is moistened with water as to helps in sowing the crops.

Answer 73

Paleo Irrigation

Question 74

is used to describe the watering given to a crop when the plants are still young. It is usually the maximum single watering required, and other watering are done at usual intervals.

Answer 74

Kor watering

Question 75

the total depth of water required to raise a crop over a unit area of land.

Answer 75

Delta