Civil Liberties/Civil Rights Flashcards

(45 cards)

1
Q

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

A

Clause:

Background:
- Madison appointed judges last minute
- Marbury wasn’t commissioned before Jefferson took office
- Jefferson told Madison to withhold the commission

Ruling:
- Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional

Established:
- established judicial review

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2
Q

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

A

Clause:
Necessary and proper clause

Background:
-2nd nat. bank chartered
-Maryland taxed the bank and McCulloch refused to pay it
-Maryland said bank was unconstitutional

Ruling: McCulloch

Established:
National supremacy over state supremacy

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3
Q

Schneck v. United States (1919)

A

Clause:
First Amendment - free speech clause

Background:
- WWI Schneck gave out leaflets saying draft violated 13th amendment
- charged with violating the Espionage Act (encouraging draft dodging)
- Does the espionage act violate the 1st amendment?

Ruling:
- US
- Scheck did violate the Espionage Act
- Espionage Act is constitutional

Established:
- free speech clause does not apply for advocacy of unlawful behavior
- congress was expressing its wartime authority

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4
Q

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

A

Clause:
Equal protection clause - 14th amendment

Background:
- brown argued segregation in public schools is unconstitutional

Ruling:
- racial segregation in schools is unconstitutional

Established:
- required desegregation of all public schools
- established state decisis (reflect but don’t always uphold)

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5
Q

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

A

Clause:
Establishment Clause
- laws cannot be made “establishing a religion”

Background:
- NY Board of Regents - voluntary prayer at school

Ruling:
prayer is not allowed in school

Established:
school sponsored religious events = violation of the first amendment

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6
Q

Baker v. Carr (1962)

A

Clause:
Equal Protection Clause - 14th amendment

Background:
-Tennessee never redrew their voting districts
-rural voters had more say than urban
-argued citizens are not equal under the law

Ruling:
Must redraw districts

Established:
-1-person 1 vote
-SCOTUS has the power to rule on issues of legislative reapportionment

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7
Q

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

A

Clause:
6th amendment - right to council

Background:
- Gideon charged with felony
- requested a court appointed lawyer
- Florida law said you can only have one in capital crime cases

Ruling:
Gideon - right to council applies to state court Defendents via 14th amendment

Established:
right to council is fundamental and should be incorporated into the states

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8
Q

Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)

A

Clause:
Free speech clause

Background:
- black armbands protesting Vietnam
- got suspended

Ruling:
Tinker - protected symbolic speech

Established:
- students still have free speech in school
- to justify suppression of speech, it must substantially interfere with school operations

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9
Q

NYT Co. v. United States (1971)

A

Clause:
freedom of the press

Background:
- Pentagon Papers
- prior restraint

Ruling:
NYT - protecting press against prior restraint

Established:
- “heavy burden” for prior restraint

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10
Q

Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)

A

Clause:
Free exercise

Background:
- Yoder (Amish) refused to send children to school after 8th grade
- Wisconsin law required students to be in school through 16

Ruling:
Yoder - requirement to send students to school past 8th grade is unconstitutional

Established:
free exercise of religion is more important than federal interest of sending students to school

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11
Q

Roe v. Wade (1973)

A

Clause:
Due process clause - 14th amendment - right to privacy

Background:
- Texas banned abortions
- Roe wanted an abortion

Ruling:
- Roe
- A woman’s right to abortion falls under the right to privacy in the 14th amendment

Established:
- expanded the definition of privacy
- 46 states were affected by this ruling

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12
Q

Shaw v. Reno (1993)

A

Clause:
Equal Protection Clause

Background:
- racial gerrymandering in NC
- Shaw = ERC violated because race was the only factor
- Reno = lines helped black voters - a minority group

Ruling: Shaw

Established:
- racial gerrymandering is unconstitutional, as it is dangerous

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13
Q

U.S. v. Lopez (1995)

A

Clause:
Commerce Clause

Background:
-Lopez brought a gun to school and was arrested
-Lopez argued guns in schools is for states not the nat. gov

Ruling: Lopez

Established:
Cause is about federalism and the shifting of power to the states as the commerce clause lost some power

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14
Q

McDonald v. Chicago (2010)

A

Clause:
- 2nd amendment - right to bear arms
- selective incorporation

Background:
- Chicago passed a handgun ban law

Ruling:
- handgun ban was unconstitutional

Established:
- 2nd amendment was incorporated into the states by the 14th amendment due process clause

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15
Q

Citizens United v. FEC (2010)

A

Clause:
1st amendment - free speech

Background:
- CU couldn’t show an anti-Hillary movie
- Does the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2004 apply to nonprofits?

Ruling:
- corporations are considered people
- independent political expenditures cannot be limited

Established:
- spending money is a form of free speech
- led to the creation of super PACs and increased the amount of money going to campaigns

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16
Q

Civil Liberties

A
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17
Q

Civil Rights

A
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18
Q

1st amendment

A

Free speech
-Tinker v. Des Moines - symbolic speech
- Schneck v. US

Free press
NYT v. US - prior restraint

Free Religion
-Establishment Clause (Engel v. Vitale)
-Exercise Clause (Wisconsin v. Yoder)

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19
Q

2nd amendment

A

Right to bear arms
- McDonald v. Chicago

20
Q

4th amendment

A

Search and seizures

21
Q

5th amendment

A

Grand Jury, Due process, Self-Incrimination

22
Q

6th amendment

A

Right to an Attorney
- Gideon v. Wainwright

23
Q

8th amendment

A

Excessive fines, cruel and unusual punishments

24
Q

14th amendment

A

Privileges or Immunities Clause
Citizenship Clause
- Race blind citizenship
Due Process Clause - state level
- Roe v. Wade
Equal Protection Clause
- Brown v. Board of Education
- Baker v. Carr
- Shaw v. Reno
Enforcement Clause

25
Establishment Clause
Forbids congress from creating laws establishing a religion
26
Free exercise clause
Protects citizens' rights to exercise their religion
27
Miranda Rule
A constitutional requirement that police inform criminal suspects of thier rights
28
Public Safety Exception
An exception to the Miranda rule that allows the police to question a suspect without informing the suspect of their rights if there is an immediate risk to the public
29
Patriot Act
30
USA Freedom Acts
31
Due Process Clause
32
Exclusionary Rule
Bars the use of any evidence obtained illegally by police at a trial
33
Balance Test
34
Right to Attorney
35
Right to Privacy
36
Selective Incorporation
McDonald v. Chicago Roe v. Wade Tinker v. Des Moines
37
"clear and present danger"
38
NOW; women's rights movement
39
Civil Rights Act of 1964
40
Title IX
41
Voting Rights Act of 1965
42
Affirmative Action
43
"Colorblind Constitution"
44
Letter from Birmingham Jail
MLK Jr: Nonviolent protest as a means of fighting for equality
45