Civil Procedure: Jury Trials

Question 1

When does a party have a right to a jury trial?

Answer 1

Parties have the right to a jury trial in all civil actions under Rule 38 & 7^th Amendment.

⚠️ Note: Right only exists for claims under law, not equity.

Question 2

If both legal and equitable relief is sought, does the right to a jury exist?

Answer 2

Yes, the right to the jury exists but only for the non-equitable claims (claims for damages).

Question 3

How can a party demand a jury trial?

Answer 3

1. File a written demand within 14 days after the last pleading; and 2. Properly serve to the other parties

FRCP 38(b)

Question 4

Does a party need to re-demand a jury trial if the case is removed to federal court?

Answer 4

No, as long as the jury trial was properly demanded initially.

FRCP 81(c)(3).

Question 5

Does failure to properly serve and file the demand for a jury trial constitute a waiver of the right?

Answer 5

Yes, a party waives a jury trial unless its demand is properly served and filed.

FRCP 38(d)

Question 6

How many jurors are required to form a jury?

Answer 6

6-12 members. Each juror must participate in the verdict unless excused under Rule 47(c)

FRCP 48(a)

Question 7

Do jury verdicts need to be unanimous?

Answer 7

Yes, must be unanimous and returned by a jury of at least 6 members, unless stipulated otherwise.

FRCP 48(b)

Question 8

Define- voir dire

Answer 8

Process by which jurors are selected.

Question 9

During voir dire, what are challenges for cause and how many does each side have?

Answer 9

Used to dismiss a potential juror due to bias; unlimited number per side.

Question 10

What are peremptory challenges?

Answer 10

Allows a party to dismiss a juror for any reason, as long as the reason is race and gender neutral.

FRCP 47(b)

Question 11

How many peremptory challenges does each party get?

Answer 11

3

28 USC § 1870

Question 12

If a peremptory strike gives rise to an inference of racial or gender discrimination, what is the moving party required to do?

Answer 12

Provide a non-discriminatory explanation for the strike or withdraw the strike

Question 13

What is the deadline for a party to propose jury instructions?

Answer 13

Generally, before the close of all evidence presented to the jury.
However, a party can file after close of evidence if either:
1. Instructions are for issues not reasonably anticipated, or
2. Court has given permission to untimely file (can propose for any issue)

FRCP 51

Question 14

Can a party object to proposed jury instructions?

Answer 14

Yes, parties must be given a reasonable opportunity to object on the record outside jury’s presence before instructions are given. Party must timely state the matter objected to and the grounds for the objection.

FRCP 51(c)(1)

Question 15

When is an objection to a jury instruction considered timely?

Answer 15

An objection is timely if:
1. A party objects at the opportunity provided under Rule 51(b)(2); or
2. A party was not informed of an instruction or action on a request before that opportunity to object, and the party objects promptly after learning that the instruction or request will be, or has been, given or refused.

FRCP 51(c)(2)

Question 16

Does a party’s failure to object to error in jury instructions waive arguments related to the error on appeal?

Answer 16

Yes

Question 17

Define: general verdict

Answer 17

Allows the jury to decides in favor of P or D without listing specific factual findings.

FRCP 49

Question 18

Define: special verdict

Answer 18

When the jury makes a specific finding on each issue of fact without necessarily stating which party should win.

See more: Special VerdictFRCP 49

Question 19

What is a general verdict with specific interrogatories and what is its purpose?

Answer 19

General verdict that includes specific findings of fact. Purpose is to ensure jury considered important factual issues of the case.

FRCP 49(b)

Question 20

If the general verdict and answers to interrogatories are inconsistent, what actions can the judge take?

Answer 20

1. Order a new trial;
2. 2. Order the jury to redeliberate; or
3. 3. Order an appropriate judgment according to the answers, notwithstanding the general verdict

FRCP 49(b)(3)

Question 21

What does it mean to poll the jury?

Answer 21

Either via request or on its own, court can “poll” the jury to see if there is lack of unanimity or assent amongst the jurors.

FRCP 48(c)

Question 22

After polling the jury, what actions can the judge take if there is a lack of unanimity or assent?

Answer 22

Order a new trial or ask jurors to deliberate further.

FRCP 48(c)

Question 23

What is the deadline for asking to poll the jury?

Answer 23

After a verdict is returned but before the jury is discharged.

FRCP 48(c).

Question 24

What are examples of juror misconduct? What happens if misconduct is found?

Answer 24

• Introducing or using evidence gained outside of trial
• • Improperly communicating with outside parties
• • Giving dishonest testimony during voir dire
• If found, court may order a new trial.

Question 25

Define**judgment as a matter of law** ## Footnote (also called a "directed verdict" or JMOL)

Answer 25

Ruling entered by judge against a party if a party **lacks sufficient evidence** to prevail on an issue necessary to a particular claim or defense ## Footnote [FRCP 50(a)](https://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/frcp/rule_50)

Question 26

What is the **evidentiary standard** for granting a JMOL?

Answer 26

Court must view evidence **in the light most favorable to the opposing party** and only grant JMOL if **no reasonable person** could find for the party. ## Footnote [FRCP 50(a)(1)](https://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/frcp/rule_50)

Question 27

**When** can a party file for a judgment as a matter of law?

Answer 27

Both parties: **before** case is submitted to jury D: Either after close of **P's evidence** or after close of **all evidence** P: After close of **all evidence**

Question 28

Define: **renewed motion** for **judgment as a matter of law** (RJMOL) ## Footnote (also called "judgment notwithstanding the verdict" or JNOV)

Answer 28

If a party loses on a JMOL, they can make a renewed motion for JMOL ("RJMOL") within **28 days** after entry of judgment. ## Footnote ⚠️ Note: Party must have properly & timely filed a JMOL to seek an RJMOL. [FRCP 50(b)](https://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/frcp/rule_50)

Question 29

In ruling on a **RJMOL**, the court may:

Answer 29

1. Allow the **verdict to stand**; 2. Order a **new trial**; or 3. Direct entry of **judgment as a matter of law** (if reasonable people could not agree that the verdict was correct) ## Footnote [FRCP 50(b)](https://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/frcp/rule_50)

Question 30

What is the **deadline** for all **post-trial motions**? (generally)

Answer 30

28 days.

Question 31

What are examples of **grounds for a new trial**?

Answer 31

Grounds include: * Newly discovered evidence * * Verdict was against weight of the evidence * * Serious, prejudicial error * * Serious, prejudicial misconduct * * Excessive or inadequate verdict ## Footnote [FRCP 60(b)](https://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/frcp/rule_60)

Question 32

What is the **deadline** for filing a **motion for a new trial?**

Answer 32

No later than **28 days** after entry of the judgment (same as the general deadline for post-trial motions). ## Footnote [FRCP 59(b)](https://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/frcp/rule_59)

Question 33

What are the requirements to move for new trial based on **n****ewly discovered evidence**?

Answer 33

1. Evidence could **not be found before** the verdict; 2. Evidence is **not** solely **for impeachment**; 3. Evidence will likely **change outcome** of case

Question 34

When is a verdict against the **great weight of the evidence?**

Answer 34

Even after giving every deference to the prevailing party, the jury made the verdict in error in light of the evidence presented.

Question 35

If the jury awarded **inadequate** damages, can the court **increase** the amount?

Answer 35

No, "enhancing" the verdict is called **additur** and is **prohibited** by the 7th Amendment.

Question 36

What can the court do if the jury awards damages that are **excessive**?

Answer 36

If the damages are so high as to "shock the conscience," the judge *can* either: 1. Order a new trial; or 2. Order a decrease in the award (**"remittitur"**) ## Footnote ⚠️ Note: Judges are **never** required to give option of remittitur.

Question 37

When is a new trial for **procedural error** or **misconduct** proper?

Answer 37

The error or misconduct likely changed the **outcome** of the case & substantially **prejudiced** the losing party.

Question 38

What is the **harmless error** rule?

Answer 38

Court can dismiss errors that **did not affect a party's rights** (i.e. the same result would have occured even this error didn't happen). ## Footnote [FRCP 61](https://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/frcp/rule_61)

Question 39

When is a **motion for relief from judgment** under Rule 60(b) proper?

Answer 39

* There is mistake, inadvertence, surprise, excusable neglect;* Newly discovered evidence;* Misrepresentation, misconduct, or fraud* Judgment has been satisfied, released, or discharged;* Judgment is void; or* Any other reason that justifies relief ## Footnote [FRCP 60(b)](https://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/frcp/rule_60)

Question 40

What is the **deadline** for filing a **motion for relief from judgment**?

Answer 40

Within **one year of final judgment** if for:* Mistake, inadvertence, surprise, excusable neglect* Newly discovered evidence* Misrepresentation, misconduct, or fraud Within a **reasonable period of time** if:* Judgment is satisfied, released, or discharged* Judgment is void* Any other reason that justifies relief ## Footnote [FRCP 60(c)](https://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/frcp/rule_60)

Question 41

When is relief from judgment for **fraud, misrepresentation, or misconduct** proper?

Answer 41

If a party:* **Withholds key evidence** during discovery;* **Bribes** a witness; or* Makes **false statements** to the court or other parties

Question 42

Can the court, **on its own initiative**, order a new trial?

Answer 42

**Yes**, for any reason that would justify granting a new trial if a party brought the motion. ## Footnote ⚠️ Note: Court must specify the **reasons why** in its order.

Question 43

Does the court **always** have the discretion to grant a new trial?

Answer 43

**Yes**, always has discretion to **avoid miscarriage of justice.**