Civil Rights Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
What did Plessy vs Ferguson case in 1896 determine
A
Supreme court upholds segregation between black and white
Meant you could segregate people in everything
21 states introduced segregation laws
Seperate but equal
2
Q
What were the Jim Crow laws
A
In the South, Nickname given to laws that enforced segregation that covered all aspects of life
Removed protection of law to blacks
3
Q
What was common in the early 20th century
A
Lynchings
4
Q
What happened in 1865
A
Slavery ended and in theory black people were given equal rights (14th Amendment said that all should be treated equally in the law)
5
Q
What happened in the 1896 Plessy vs Fergusson case
A
In 1896, Homer Plessy (black) challenged segregation on trains saying it was against the 14th Amendment. The supreme court ruled against him. Upheld Jim Crow laws.
6
Q
Discrimination in the North states
A
Worst-paid jobs
Lived in poorest areas of towns and cities (ghettos)
Not enforced by law
Poor facilities and supplies
7
Q
Discrimination in the Southern States
A
Segregation enforced by law (Jim Crow laws)
Seperate restaurant, cinema, schools
Buses were segregated
Facilities in black schools had less money spent on them
8
Q
How did many Southern whites view black people
A
As inferior, lazy and unintelligent
9
Q
Why was it difficult for black people to do anything about their situation in the 1950s
A
The police and law courts were full of racist white officials - many were even members of the infamous klu klux klan.
10
Q
Black Americans were allowed to vote. But by 1956, only 20% had registered to do so. Why?
A
Blacks were intimidated by white gangs if they tried to register
States set unfair literacy tests to make it harder for blacks to register
Employers would threaten with the sack
11
Q
KKK
A
The klu klux klan - were a violent group who were opposed to civil rights. They often attacked and killed black people
12
Q
NAACP
A
National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People
Compaigned for integration, to overthrow Plessy
Focused on fighting for civil rights in the courts
Created legal defence fund
13
Q
CORE
A
Congress of Racial Equality
Protested against segregation
Many white members, used non-violent direct action such as sit-ins, trained not to react in face of intimidation/attack
14
Q
What was one of the biggest fear of integrating schools
A
Mixed race children
15
Q
Timeline of school desegregation in supreme court including Brown vs Topeka
A
1952, NAACP take 5 desegregation cases to the supreme court
NAACP argued that seperate was not equal (as said in Plessy). Against 14th ammendment.
Earl Warren replaces pro-segregation judge, as Chief Justice, Dec 1952
May 1954, Brown vs Topeka, Court ruled ‘seperate but equal’ had no place in education
May 1955, Court ruled for desegregation ‘with all deliberate speed’
16
Q
3 successes and limitations of Brown vs (Borad of Education), Topeka 1954
A
Brown won the case
Successes: Seperate but equal had no place in education, Schools has to desegregate, Brown reversed Plessy so sparked off many more desegregation campaigns
Limitations: Set no timescale for desegregation, in ‘deep south’ became known as ‘Black Monday’ and met with extreme white backlash, integrated black children targets of threats and violence
17
Q
Little Rock High school, Arkansas was about to be desegregated in 1957, how many black children attended
A
75 applied, 25 accepted, 9 still willing to go after threats of violence
18
Q
What happened in the build up to Little Rock 1957
A
Orval Faubus
Governor of Arkansas, when school started on the first day senr 250 state troops to surround the school and ‘keep the peace’ stopping the black students going in
Daisy bates
Local NAACP organiser, arranged for the Black students to arrive together the next day
19
Q
What happened to Elizabeth Eckford at Little Rock 1957
A
Missed the message by Daisy Bates to meet up so she arrived by bus, alone.
Mob of waiting white people was terrifying.
She went up to the state troops to protect her but they turned her back towards the mob that was shouting ‘lynch her, lynch her’
20
Q
What was the reaction and outcome to Little Rock 1957
A
Publicity - pictures / TV menat that the now famous Elizabeth Eckford picture, getting child abuse went worldwide.
Eisenhower’s order - remove state troops and the nine black students attented school
Outcome - Faubus closed all schools for a year before being forced by parents to reopen, integrated.
21
Q
Why was Little Rock important
A
Forced Eisenhower to take action
1957, First civil rights act since 1875. Set up comission to prosecute anyone who denied American citizens their rights
Attracted word-wide attention
Schools in Arkansas became integrated, better open and integrated then closed.
22
Q
What usually happened on the buses in Montgomery
A
They were segregated as black people sat at the back and white at the front. White drivers bullied black passengers especially women
23
Q
What happened when the bus company didn’t change anything in Montgomery
A
The WPC (Women’s political Council) called for a boycott, 90% of black people boycotted
24
Q
What was the MIA and who was it’s leader
A
Montgomery Improvement Association - aims were to improve lives of black people in Montgomery. Set up on Dec 5 1955
Martin Luther king leader
25
Why was MLK a good leader for the MIA
From chicago so new to Montgomery so no friends or enemies among white officials
Clergymen so was respected and couldn't be sacked
Well educated - campaign strategy, establish clear goals, and decide on the best means to achieve them
Non-violent - made white oppressors seem like the bad guys, gets sympathy and support
Passionate speeches - motivate people, shows he cares, encourage people
Wide-spread appeal - appeal to liberal white Americans, support from whites and blacks
Christian values - Black and Whites support him, good role model, people look up to him
26
How long were the buses boycotted
Over a year
27
What happened during the boycott
MLK's house was bombed then he was arrested and fined for disrupting lawful business.
Browder vs Gayle trial
Supreme court said that buses should be integrated
28
How did some white southerners react to the boycott
WCC was Very violent and wanted to kill black people
29
What was the WCC
White citizens council
30
Why was the boycott succesful (reasons for success)
Commitment, Organisation, Publicity
31
Important leaders during the bus boycott
Jo Ann Robinson - president of WPC, suggested boycott, dropped off flyers, writing about bus problems for years
E.D Nixon - NAACP member, Who Rosa called when arrested, helped set up boycott
Ralph David Abernathy - NAACP member, woroed with MLK and took over MIA when king left Montgomery
32
3 positive and 3 negative consequences of bus boycott
Positives: Buses were desegregated, show civil rights campaigns could attract support, brought MLK into spotlight
Negatives: Houses of MIA leaders firebombed, white backlash, shots fired at black people riding buses
33
What was the Greensboro sit-in
Feb 1st 1960 - 4 students sit in at woolworths lunch counter (not allowed)
Next few days - next day 25 students, feb 4th 300 students
Next few weeks - spread to other Greensboro segregated luch counters, thousands took part and made national news
34
What was the role of CORE and SCLC in the Greensboro sit-in
Both CORE and SCLC were asked to send people to train students in non-violent protest tactics. Ella Baker (SCLC) invited students to protest accross the South.
35
What organisation was created during the Greensboro sit-in
SNCC (student non-violent coordinating commitee) - aim of using non-violent protest to campaign for civil rights. Build on non-violent principles developed by CORE and MLK.
36
Why was Greensboro sit-in so important
Mixed race groups in their protests, young people inspired, some white southernors joined in
Favourable news coverage showed both white and black support
37
What was the aim of the freedom rides
CORE activits to ride on buses from the North to deep South to test segregation. They aimed to spark a crisis and worldwide publicity to force change
38
What happened when the Freedom Rides set off
4 may 1961 two buses left Washington for Birmingham, Alabama. Georgia governor urged calm, so got to Alambama with very little violence
Politicians in Alabama and Mississippi opposed it. Southern press united against them and northern press said they were looking for trouble
KKK and WCC members swore to stop them
39
What happened to the first freedom riders bus
Reached Anniston, Alabama and met with over 100 KKK members, surrounded it, slashed tyres and smashed windows
Slashed Tyres burst outside the city and firebomb thrown through window
They all escaped but were beaten up.
ACMHR brought them to Birmingham airport.
40
What happened to second freedom rider bus
Not heard what happened
Arrived in Anniston they were pulled off and beaten
They got back on and drove to Birmingham where they were beaten up again
Eventually ACMHR got the 'riders' to the airport
41
Consequences of freedom rides
Nov 1st, federal government said federal officers would enforce desegregation if states didn't obey. Southern states began desegregating bus facilities and the freedom ride ended. Over 60 freedom rides took place over that summer
42
What lead to the events in Birmingham, April 1963
Eugene 'Bull' Connor (police chief) used attack dogs against protestors
Martin Luther King arrested and he wrote a passionate letter from prison
Lead to another march which caused violence
43
What happened in Birmingham, Alabama in April 1963
Civil right campaign 'C' (confrontation) began
There were: arrests; water cannons; dogs and baton charges were used to disperse the marcher.
Arrests reached 500 a day, but was shown on television and many sickened by violence
44
Why was Birmingham Alabama targetted
Because: competely segregated; Nicknamed Bombingham due to regular bombings of black churches, homes, businesses; Eugene 'Bull' Connor was police chief so violence could be provoked.
45
Long-term effects caused by the events that happened in Birmingham Alabama
Month later 143 cities had some desgeregation, it was working
Many more Americans saw civil rights as most urgent US issue - encourage change
Protests in other cities all over US
Showed a lot of support for civil rights
Photo of Walter Garden (3rd May 1963) showed how badly black people were treated. awoke 'moral conscience of the nation'
46
What happened at the March on Washington on 28th August 1963
Over 250,000 people (40,000) marched on Washington
Peaceful and good-humoured atmosphere
MLK famous 'I have a dream' speech
47
Succeses of the March on Washington
Size: showed it wasn't a minor issue
TV: wide audience
Kings speech: powerul, gained more support for civil rights, many people saw king as leader of movement
The Crowd: Black and white people protested peacefully together, shiwed support from all classes (famous people such as Bob Dylan and Joan Baez attended).
48
What was the 'Freedom Summer' planned to be
In 1964, SNCC and CORE set up the 'Freedom Summer' in Mississippi. 1,000 volunteers went to Mississippi to work with local campaigners on projects on the black community
Most volunteers were white college students from good families
49
What was the reaction of pro-segregation members to the Freedom Summer in Mississippi
Over 10,000 KKK members in Mississippi
Before 'invasion' they burnt 61 crosses accross state
During the summer they burned 37 black churches and 30 homes. Beat up countless volunteers and local black people. Many black people lost their jobs for going to civil rights meetings or registering to vote.
50
Murders in Mississippi 1964
On June 21st June Michael Schwerner (white CORE), Andrew Goodman (white volunteer) and James Chaney (black CORE) were shot by KKK. Searched for by FBI. Also found bodies of 9 other black men (CORE workers) who they disn't know where missing
Showed only cared about white (upper class) people
51
Ways in which the freedom summer was successful and unsuccessful
+: made people aware of problems of registering to vote, touaght in freeedom schools, many white college students joined jn
-: 17,00 tried to register not many succeeded (1,600), volunteers attacked, increased violence against local black people, many black people lost their jobs
52
Key points of Civil Rights Act 1964
Banned: discrimination in voter test, discrimination in public places and in large businesses, job discrimination
Gave government: power to force school desegregation, right to remove federal funding from state projects that discriminated
53
Limitations of Civil Rights Act 1964
Problems enforcing law in South
Nothing to impose fair voter registration
Equal
Equal opportunities commity could only investigate complaints
Business and schools found ways around desegregation
54
Key points of Voting Rights Act 1965
One voting registration requirement
| Federal officials to run voter registration in any state where under 50% of those qualified were registered to vote.
55
Limitations of Voting Rights Act 1965
Slow process
| Trying to get black people to vote in areas which didn't want black people to vote
56
Why was Selma, Alabama a significant place
Ehite officials were stopping Black people from voting. Selma was in Dallas county where more black people where entitled to vote than white but onky 1% of black people had registered
57
What was SCLC and MLKs aim in Selma 1965
Help black Americans qualify to vote
58
What happened on March the 7th 1965
600 protestors set out to march from Selma to Montgomery. State troopers stopped them at Edmund Pettus Bridge, just outside Selma, firing tear gas and attacking protestors with electric cattle prods. The protestors fled being chased
'Bloody Sunday'
59
Reaction to Selma
In Congress people spoke out against the violence
People protested all over the country
Hundreds of people, black and white, joined the marchers.
Johnson federalised the state national guard
The guard then escorted the marchers from Selma to Montgomery on 21-24 March, King led the march and gave a speech to 25,000 in Montgomery on 25th of March
60
Why did the civil rights movment grow in the 1950s
Education (better education for blacks, becam professionals and changed views os Southern people)
Migration (poor blacks moved north, liberal whites moved south, changed southern communities)
Southern cities grew (New industry grew in southern twons and cities, giving black people different job oppourtunities)
The Cold War (governement sensitive to international criticism about how black americans were treated, wanted to be protrayed as the good guys)
Television (This brought events into the living room making people more ware of racial injustice)
New ideas (Research disproved that some races were inferior and suggested education was the cause of intelligence differences
WW2 (Black Americans pushed for civil rights after seeing integration abroad, some whites saw blacks as more able having fought with them)
61
How were Black American churches important to the civil rights movement
Centre of most black southern communities. Black clergymen were often involved in civil rights because they were paid by the curch so they wouldn't loose their job if they spoke out, they were educated (effective speakers), could negotiate with white communities because of their status in the black community, they had contacts and could gain support from all ages and classes of blacks
Churches were used for meeting which caused them to get attacked
62
White peoples attitudes towards black clergymen
Some whites were willing to work with black clergymen becausse the were educated and polite do they thought it would be easy to send them away with promises of future reform
Other white people were suspicious as they thought they were too organised and they has too much support, they were fearful taht they could become a threat. This is when the attacks came
63
The Murder of Emmett Till and others
1955, Mississippi, 14 year old Till was accused of wolf whistling at a white woman (though unclear what happened)
He was abducted, tortured and lynched
His mother had a funeral with an open casket
Images of his beaten body were printed in the media
The court didn't hold anyone accountable
They later confessed and this caused outrage
Reverend George Lee and Lamar Smith were murdered for registering to vote. There was no arrest for either crime - Lee's shooting was written off as a car accident
64
What was the significance of the murder of Emmett Till
```
The murder (especially Emmett Till's murder) gained a lot of publicity and the images of the murders caused the outrage to grow. TV meant that people could see the victims and their families which had more of an effect on the public. Sme historiand say it started the rapid growth of the civil rights movement
Lead to Rosa Parks not giving up her seat
```
65
Opposition to desegregation
WCC: grew rapidly, petitioned and campaigned against segregation, threatebed families, violence/intimidation escalated (KKK, bombing)
Political opposition: Harry F.Byrd, senator of Virginia who demanded 'massive resistance' to desgregation, said he would close all public schools which tried to desgragrate
Prince Edward County: 'Massive resistance' ruled illegal in 1959. Only Prince Edward County in Virginia close it's schools, didn't reopen until 1964.
Slow desegregation, only few blacks in each year, segregated within the school, used violence outsde schools to exclude them for 'their own safety', introduced 'testing' and 'psychological testing' for induction which was skewed against black pupils
66
Who supported desgregation in schhols and helped students
NAACP and CORE supported students in many ways
CORE in particular advocated a non-violent approach to school integregation
However, still very difficult for many black families, students and supporters of desegregation
67
Why was President Eisenhower reluctant to act on civil rightd,
He argued that real change came from changing the way people think, not forcing them to do something
68
How did white southerns attempt to block the Civil Rights Act of 1957
By filibuster ( a tactic used by politicians in debates to stop a bill being voted on. For example, a dixiecrat, Storm Thurmond, spoke for about 24 hours and 18 minutes which exceeded the time limit in which the bill had to be voted on.
69
Why did Eisenhower introduce the civil rights act 1957
Brown v Topeka, Montgomery bus boycott and the white backlash caused increased sympathy home and abroad.
USA seen as land of the free.
70
The Civil Rights Act 1957 strengths
Eventually, it set up a commission to prosecute anybody who tried to deny citizens their rights
Allowed federal courts to prosecute state violations of voting rights
Positive step forward in showing federal government supported civil rights
First civil rights act since 1875
71
The Civil Rights Act of 1957
Firstly, it had to be amended as many felt it was forcing change on people too much
limited by the fact that anybody prosecuted under this was tried in a state jury which was unlikely to find a white southerner guilty
Showed power of southern opposition to civil riights legislation in it's ability to slow it down and block enforcement
72
SCLC
The Southern Christian Leadership Council
Set up in January 1957, MLK among leaders
Key features of it's policies:
Reject and protest ALL forms of segregation
Use non-violent direct action tactics
Mass action
Attract broad-based black and white membership
Initially focused on voter registration
73
What efforts had been made to desegregate universities 1956-62
Some unis desegregated without much trouble
In Georgia, officials called on students to accept the situation
East Carolina uni took its first black student with little violence
74
The situation of James Meredith and the Univeristy of Mississippi
James Meredith re-applied to the University of Mississippi (Ole Miss) which had rejected
NAACP challengged rejection saying it was because he was black, supreme court ordered Uni to admit him
University officials and Ross Barnett (State governor) disobeyed supreme court ruling by physically stopping Meredith from registering. Barnett was WCC member
75
James Meredith and Mississippi Uni events between Sept 1961 - summer 1962
30 September - Meredith returned accompanied by 500 federal officers. They were attacked by a mob of 3,000.
Kennedy spoke on television calling for calm, he was ignored
The mob chanted in favour of Barnett and against federaal government. State police did little to stop armed mob.
2 civilians died, Kennedy sent in federal troops, who eventualy stopped rioting
Meredith registered on 1st October, troops guarded him for the whole year it took him to graduate
76
Who was Malcolm X
Born May 1925 as Malcolm Little... joined the Nation of Islam, became interested in black nationalism, changed name to Malcolm X
77
Malcolm X's views
Rejected non-violence, criticised to Malcolm
Changing political views: left Nation of Islam. Changed views after visit to Meccca and became more willing t consider integregation and accept white help.
Met SNCC and CORE
Assassinated in 1965 by NOI, 15,000 attended his funeral
78
What was the ideas of the Black Power movement
Disagreed with non-violent direct action. They encouraged blck people to be proud of their heritage and culture, reject whitw help, argued against forced. Integration, were influenced by Malcolm X's earlier beliefs and used militant language and spoke about revolution
79
Who suppported Black Power
Got a lot of support from the poor because many groups didn't just talk about power, they talked about a social revolution to improve the lives of poor black people
80
Black power's economic, political and cultural reasons for growth
Ecomonic: discrimination in work and education all over US,, ghetto conditions worsening and being ignored, black power groups had success in forcing people to hire black workers
Political: Demand equality from white politicians, Civil Rights and Voting Rights Acts did not solve segregation or voter reistration problemms in the Deep South, After the civil rights acts many suporters focused on other issues e.g Vietnam
Cultural: to be proud of their race and their roots, blacks needed to protect and defend themselves in the fight for equality
81
Who was Stokely Carmichael and what did he do
SNCC member, set up the Lowndes County Freedom, 1965, organisation as a party to represent black Americans because many black Americans said there was no one to vote for who cared. About balck rights.
The party symbol was a panther, 'vote for the panther, then go home'
Panther became a civil rights symbol
He believed in non-violent direct action but believed the civil rights fight needed to change.
He brought Black Power into the SNCC and started more Northern campaigns in ghettos
82
What was the March Against Fear
June 1966, James. Meredith lead march against fear through Mississippi, protesting violence against Blacks in the South. He was shot on the second day.
While he was in hospital, MLK and Carmichael led the march. King urged non-violence, while Carmichael's speeches were more militant and demanded Black Power.
Many followed Carmichael
83
How did CORE and SNCC change
SNCC and CORE became less accepting to white supporters.
However, they lost many original black member who disagreed with new radical policies
84
What was the symbol of black power
Many Black Power groups used the symbol of a raised, clenched fist. Black power rejected whitw people and it scared them because it spoke of violent revolution.
85
What happened at the olympica in 1968
Black Americans Tommie Smith and John Carlos won gold and bronze in 200m. On the podium, they gave the Black Power salute (raised clenched first) during the national anthem.
It as a huge shock and they were booed by Americans in crowd and received racist abuse.
Newspapers and politicians condemned them and they received death threats
But they provided inspiration to many young black Americans to join Black Power or at least use confrontational tactics
86
who were the Black panthers and their beliefs
Founded: California, October 1966 by Huey P.Newton and Bobby Seale
Beliefs: white officials and police were not supporting black communities. Black people needed black officials and police who would work for the community.
They were willing, unlike other groups, to work with white people
Uniform: panther 'uniform': black beret, black trousers and black leather jacket
87
Early attention and activity of the Black Panthers
Early Attention: went to the State Capital in Sacramento carrying guns, to protest against a propsed law to stop people openl carrying guns. The sight of armed black men in the state capital made the news
Activity: Patrolled the streets in black communities to keep them safe, ran breakfast clubs for por black children, carried guns for self-defence and tape recorders to tape police harassment, ran courses of black history
88
Success and negatives of the Black Panther party
Successes: local acticites in ghetto communities, health clinics and breakfast clubs
Negatives: some were involved in robberies and deliberately provoking police
89
The number of riots and deaths 1964-68
329 riots
220 fatalities
52629 arrests
90
What was the short term cause of the first riot and worst riots of each year 1964-68
First riot: New York City, July 1964 (worst of 1964), policement shot a black man, ghetto conditions and Mississippi violence
1965: Watts district, Los Angeles, August
1966: Chicago and Cleveland
1967: Newark and Detroit
91
Why did the riots take place in the summer
Ghetto conditions were at their worst
92
Who rioted and why
80% young blackmen
| Reaction to the actions of white people
93
What was the pattern of the riots
Trigger - incident involving police
Minor attack - minor attacks on property e.g brick throwing, window smashing
Increasing violence - more violence and looting (usually at night)
94
Possible long term causes of the riots
Police discrimination - police more concered with harassing young black men then keeping ghetto safe, 65 shot in 3 months before watts
Discrimination by white officials - didn't respond to complaints about issues such as badley-repaired roads or landlord harassment
Unemployment - twice as likely to be unemployed, workers mostly had unskilled, low-paid jobs
Poverty - twice as likely to be poor
Poor education - schools were run down, under-equipped and lacking funding
95
What was the Kerner Report in 1968
Results of an enquiry into the riot set up by President Johnson
96
What did the Kerner report say the main cause of te riots were
Ghetto conditions, failure to fix problems
| Immediate circumtances: trigger incident, normally involving police
97
What criticisms did the Kerner Report give
Criticism of:
White officials: failed to fix problems of black community
Police: no protection provided in ghettos
Treatment of ghettos: not protected by police and poor conditions
Federal money: spent on police rather than causes of riots
Media coverage: sensationalised and exaggerated them
98
What recommendations did the Kerner Report give
White officials: should listen to black communities
Police: should protect ghettos and change their brutal treatment of black people
Protecting ghettos: provide more protection
99
What did the Kerner Report say would happen if its recommendations were not followed
The nation would split between two societies
100
What was King's campaign in the North
A non-violent campaign for fairer housing
MLK was shocked by what he saw in Watts nd so agreed to the request of the CCCO (Chicago-based civil rights group) for the SCLC to help organise a campaign
101
What was unfair about the provision of housing in northrn cities like Chicago?
Rents - high rents
Overcrowding - people crowded into buildings with poor facilities
Public services - generally poor e.g fire brigade slow to answer calls, rubbish not collected
102
Important peoplle in MLK's Northern Campaign 1966
James Bevel - SCLC: helped tenants
| Jesse Jackon - operation breadbasket- boycotts to force white businesses to employ black workers
103
Details of MLKs Northern Campaign
7 January 1966 MLK wnt to chicago
Drew a lot of support from some sections of the community
Many black politicians opposed it, SCLC could not connect with ghetto gangs
Richard Daley spoke supportively but did little
Planned march through white areas, violent response and publicity less supportive
104
MLK' campaign in the north - success or failure
Success - agreements on fairer hosuing made, operation breadbasket had some success
Failure - Marred by violence, agreements made by Daley about hosuing did little, CCCO had little power once King and the SCLC left
105
When was martin luther king assassinated and what did it cause
4th April 1968, Memphis Tennessee
| Caused violent riots
106
Short term consequences of MLK's assassination
Riots in 172 towns and citties. By the day of king's funeral, 32 black people were dead, 3,500 seriously injured and 27,000 arrested. $45 million of damage had been caused
King had planned a large 'poor people's campaign' on behalf of all the poor, not just black people. Campaign went ahead but SCLC leader and protestorss argued and the camp in capital broke up after in rained in a couple weeks
1968 Civil Rights Act was quickly passed. It included fair housing, covering rental housing anf housing sales. It gave federal protection to civil rights workers, although it also made punishment for rioting more severe
107
Long term consequences of MLK's assassination
National civil rights groups lost membership and funding from white people. However it had been decreasing since 1965 as they saw Civil rights act and Voter Registraion act as the battle won. Riots caused a further drop in support and King was the person whitee people relate to the most so accelerates white opposition to demands for equality
Many black americans beame more radical. 1969, SNCC changed the 'N' from 'non-violent' to 'national' and lost almost all its original members. The result meant many black people becoming more militant and many white people opposing black equality meaning increased conflict, rather than agreement, on civil rights
108
What happened to the Civil Rights campaign up to 1975
Could be seen to have 'fragmented' in the years up to 1975 because black protests spplit many ways. Local protest still addressed issues such as desegregation or equal employment, while large-scale protests were. Likely to be about single issues. Black Panthers held national protests for the unlawful imprisonmant of some of their members. The issue which drew all races and classes in was the Vietnam War
109
What Civil Rights acction was Nixon taking
Set up funding and training for black people setting up businesses in black neighbourhoods
He gave tax breaks to white-owned businesses that set up branches in black neighbourhoods
He made sure that there were more black officials in the White House. James Farmer given high-level job in the Deppartment of Health, Welfare and Education
