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civil rights movements Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the meaning of democracy, and where does the word come from?

A

Democracy comes from the Greek words Demos (people) and Cratia (rule), meaning ‘rule by the people.’

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2
Q

How did Abraham Lincoln define democracy?

A

He defined it as ‘Government of the people, by the people, and for the people.’

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3
Q

What were the main types of democracy mentioned?

A
  • Direct (Classical/Pure) Democracy
  • Indirect (Modern/Representative) Democracy
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4
Q

What is the difference between direct democracy and representative democracy?

A

In direct democracy, citizens participate personally in decision-making; in representative democracy, they elect officials to represent them.

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5
Q

Why was direct democracy possible in Athens but not in modern states?

A

Athens had a small population, making it feasible for citizens to gather and vote directly.

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6
Q

How did Athenian democracy influence modern political systems?

A

It introduced ideas such as citizen participation, equality before the law, and accountability of leaders.

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7
Q

What were the defining features of Athenian democracy?

A
  • Direct participation
  • Limited citizenship
  • Selection by lot
  • Freedom of speech
  • Accountability of officials
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8
Q

How did the Ecclesia (Assembly) function in Athens?

A

It was the main decision-making body where male citizens debated and voted on laws and policies.

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9
Q

What was the role of the Boule (Council of 500) in governance?

A

It prepared proposals for the Ecclesia, supervised officials, and managed daily administration.

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10
Q

What were the responsibilities of the Dikasteria (Courts)?

A

They handled legal disputes and political trials, with jurors selected by lot.

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11
Q

Why were most government positions filled by lottery?

A

To prevent corruption and ensure equal participation among citizens.

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12
Q

What was the role of magistrates (archons) in Athens?

A

They were government officials responsible for legal, military, and religious duties.

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13
Q

How were strategoi (generals) different from other officials?

A

They were elected rather than chosen by lot and played key roles in military and political leadership.

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14
Q

What was the process of ostracism, and why was it used?

A

Citizens could vote to exile a person for ten years to prevent the rise of tyrants.

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15
Q

How did Athenian democracy ensure equality before the law?

A

Through the principle of isonomia, which granted all citizens equal legal rights.

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16
Q

Who was considered an Athenian citizen?

A

A free male born to Athenian parents.

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17
Q

What were the main requirements for Athenian citizenship?

A
  • Being male
  • Having Athenian parentage
  • Reaching adulthood (18 years)
  • Registering with the deme
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18
Q

How did Pericles’ law of 451 BCE change citizenship rules?

A

It required both parents to be Athenian for their child to be a citizen.

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19
Q

What rights did Athenian citizens have?

A
  • Voting
  • Holding office
  • Owning land
  • Participating in military service
  • Receiving legal protection
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20
Q

How did citizenship status impact political participation?

A

Only citizens could vote, hold office, and participate in government affairs.

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21
Q

What were the responsibilities of Athenian citizens?

A
  • Military service
  • Tax payment
  • Participating in government
  • Obeying laws
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22
Q

How did military service relate to citizenship in Athens?

A

Citizens were required to serve in the military to defend the city-state.

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23
Q

Why were women, slaves, and metics excluded from citizenship?

A

Citizenship was limited to free, native-born males, reflecting societal hierarchies.

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24
Q

What was the process of registration for Athenian citizenship?

A

A young man had to register with his deme and complete military training.

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25
Could Athenian citizenship be revoked? If so, under what conditions?
Yes, for crimes such as treason, impiety, or failing civic duties.
26
What were the strengths of Athenian democracy?
* Broad citizen participation * Prevention of tyranny * Open debate
27
How did Athenian democracy prevent tyranny?
Through checks like ostracism and accountability of officials.
28
Why was public debate considered an important feature?
It allowed open discussion and collective decision-making.
29
What were the weaknesses of Athenian democracy?
* Exclusion of many people * Susceptibility to demagoguery * Inefficiency
30
How did demagogues influence political decision-making?
Charismatic leaders could manipulate public opinion.
31
Why was Athenian democracy sometimes inefficient?
Direct participation required time and led to slow decision-making.
32
What were the limitations of Athenian citizenship?
It excluded women, slaves, and foreigners from political rights.
33
How did the exclusion of women and slaves affect Athenian democracy?
It created a limited definition of democracy compared to modern standards.
34
How does Athenian democracy compare to modern representative democracy?
Athens had direct democracy, while modern states elect representatives.
35
Why is Athenian democracy often seen as more participatory than modern systems?
Citizens directly voted on decisions rather than relying on representatives.
36
How do modern democracies ensure minority rights, unlike Athens?
Through constitutional protections and human rights laws.
37
What role do constitutions play in modern democracies compared to Athens?
Modern states have written constitutions, whereas Athens relied on tradition and public debate.
38
How do modern legal systems compare to Athenian courts?
Modern courts have professional judges and lawyers, unlike Athens’ jury system.
39
What are the similarities between the Athenian Boule and modern legislative bodies?
Both prepare laws and oversee government functions.
40
How does modern political accountability differ from Athenian accountability mechanisms?
Modern democracies use elections and legal frameworks, while Athens used direct scrutiny and ostracism.
41
What are the different types of rights mentioned?
* Political rights * Economic rights * Social rights * Fundamental human rights * Legal rights
42
What are political rights, and why are they important?
They allow citizens to participate in government, such as voting and freedom of speech.
43
How do economic rights benefit citizens in a democracy?
They ensure access to jobs, fair wages, and property ownership.
44
What are fundamental human rights, and how do they compare to Athenian rights?
They are universal rights, whereas Athenian rights were limited to citizens.
45
How do modern democracies protect social rights compared to Athens?
By ensuring equal access to education, healthcare, and welfare services.
46
Why is freedom of speech important in a democracy?
It allows for open debate and prevents government oppression.
47
What responsibilities did Athenian citizens have?
* Military service * Tax payment * Participation in politics
48
How do modern citizens contribute to national development compared to Athenians?
Through taxes, civic engagement, and volunteering.
49
Why is tax payment an essential responsibility in both ancient and modern societies?
It funds public services and government operations.
50
How does political tolerance in modern democracies differ from Athenian practices?
Modern systems emphasize minority rights, whereas Athens focused on majority rule.
51
What was a key transformation in Roman citizenship due to the Edict of Caracalla?
Granted citizenship to nearly all free inhabitants of the empire.
52
What were the benefits of Roman citizenship during the Early Imperial Period?
* Legal protections * Political rights * Marriage under Roman law * Tax advantages * Military service opportunities
53
How did military service serve as a pathway to Roman citizenship?
Non-citizens who completed military service could gain citizenship.
54
What were the implications of the Edict of Caracalla?
It eliminated many legal distinctions, fostering a more uniform and integrated society.
55
What was the role of manumission in Roman society?
It allowed slaves to gain freedom and citizenship, increasing social mobility.
56
What are some ways a slave could be freed in ancient Rome?
* By their owner's will (Manumissio Testamentaria) * By a formal ceremony before a magistrate (Manumissio Vindicta) * By entering the census (Manumissio Censu) * By buying their own freedom
57
What happened after manumission?
A freed slave became a libertus (male) or liberta (female) and gained Roman citizenship, though with some restrictions.
58
What was a key purpose of granting citizenship to conquered peoples?
To create loyalty and unity within the empire.
59
How did citizenship impact the social structure in Rome?
It maintained a clear social hierarchy, with full citizens at the top.
60
What was the significance of the civil rights movements in the USA post-WWII?
They fought against racial discrimination and inequality through various forms of protest.
61
What were the Jim Crow laws?
Laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern states.
62
What was the outcome of the Brown vs. Board of Education case?
It overturned school segregation laws.
63
What was the Montgomery Bus Boycott?
A successful year-long boycott initiated by Rosa Parks' arrest.
64
What was the purpose of the March on Washington in 1963?
It pressured the government and featured MLK's 'I Have a Dream' speech.
65
What was the significance of the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
It banned segregation in public places.
66
What was the role of the Black Power Movement?
It rejected nonviolence and advocated for Black self-reliance.
67
What was the apartheid system in South Africa?
A system of legal racial segregation that limited rights for Black South Africans.
68
What was the Defiance Campaign of 1952?
An early resistance movement against apartheid laws.
69
What was the primary advocacy of Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam?
Black self-reliance and sometimes violent resistance ## Footnote Malcolm X emphasized self-defense and empowerment for Black Americans.
70
What significant movement emerged in 1966 that rejected nonviolence?
Black Power Movement ## Footnote This movement included groups like the Black Panthers.
71
What protest was made by Black athletes at the 1968 Olympics?
Black Power salute ## Footnote This act was a form of protest against racial inequality.
72
What was the legal system of racial segregation in South Africa called?
Apartheid ## Footnote Apartheid lasted from 1948 to 1994.
73
What were the key apartheid laws that restricted Black South Africans?
* Racial classification * Land ownership restrictions * Forced removals * Pass laws ## Footnote These laws severely limited the rights and movement of Black South Africans.
74
What was the Defiance Campaign of 1952?
Civil disobedience inspired by Gandhi ## Footnote It aimed to resist apartheid laws through nonviolent means.
75
What significant document did the ANC adopt in 1955?
Freedom Charter ## Footnote It outlined the vision for an equal South Africa.
76
What event occurred during the Sharpeville Massacre in 1960?
Police killed 69 peaceful protesters ## Footnote This massacre led to an international outcry and the banning of the ANC.
77
What shift occurred in the ANC's approach after peaceful protests failed?
Transition to armed resistance ## Footnote The ANC formed Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) for sabotage.
78
What was the outcome of the Rivonia Trial (1963-1964)?
Mandela and others were imprisoned for life ## Footnote This trial marked a significant moment in the anti-apartheid struggle.
79
What was the Soweto Uprising of 1976 about?
Student protests against Afrikaans education ## Footnote The protests turned deadly, resulting in hundreds of deaths.
80
What role did international sanctions play in the fall of apartheid?
They pressured the South African government ## Footnote Economic sanctions and boycotts significantly weakened apartheid.
81
When was Nelson Mandela released from prison?
1990 ## Footnote His release was a pivotal moment leading to the end of apartheid.
82
What marked the official end of apartheid in South Africa?
First democratic elections in 1994 ## Footnote Nelson Mandela became the first Black president.
83
What does NAACP stand for?
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ## Footnote Founded in 1909, it fights for racial equality through legal means.
84
What was the main focus of CORE?
Civil rights group inspired by Gandhi’s nonviolent resistance ## Footnote Organized protests like sit-ins and Freedom Rides.
85
Fill in the blank: The Edict of _______ granted citizenship to nearly all free inhabitants of the Roman Empire.
Caracalla ## Footnote This decree was issued in 212 AD.
86
True or False: Before 212 AD, Roman citizenship was only available to people born in Rome.
False ## Footnote Citizenship was available to certain groups, including military veterans.
87
Which group had no citizenship rights in the Roman Empire?
Slaves ## Footnote Slaves were excluded from citizenship.
88
What was a key purpose of granting citizenship to conquered peoples in Rome?
To create loyalty and unity within the empire ## Footnote This strategy helped integrate diverse populations.
89
What was the significance of the Edict of Caracalla?
It extended citizenship to almost all free inhabitants of the empire ## Footnote This marked a major shift in citizenship policy.
90
How did military service impact Roman citizenship?
Non-citizens who completed military service could gain citizenship ## Footnote This incentivized enlistment among conquered peoples.
91
Fill in the blank: The _______ Act (1950) classified people by race in South Africa.
Population Registration ## Footnote This was a key law of the apartheid system.
92
What was the outcome of the Soweto Uprising?
Hundreds were killed in protests against apartheid education ## Footnote This event became a symbol of resistance.
93
What did the Bantu Education Act (1953) provide?
Inferior education for Black students ## Footnote This law institutionalized educational inequality.
94
True or False: The ANC was banned after the Sharpeville Massacre.
True ## Footnote The massacre led to increased repression of anti-apartheid groups.
95
What was the first major protest against apartheid laws?
Defiance Campaign ## Footnote Launched in 1952, it was a significant act of civil disobedience.
96
What year marked the official start of apartheid in South Africa?
1948 ## Footnote This year saw the implementation of the apartheid system.

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