Civil Rights - Protests (1960-65)

Question 1

How did the federal government eventually support the freedom riders?

Answer 1

Offered federal support to enforce desegregation if the states did not obey.

Question 2

How many more black Americans were registered to vote in Mississippi after the Freedom Summer?

Answer 2

1,600

Question 3

The Selma protested coincided with Johnson’s call for what?

Answer 3

The Voting Rights Act

Question 4

How did Johnson support the Selma campaign?

Answer 4

Federal troops escorted marchers from Selma to Montgomery

Question 5

How did SNCC and CORE support the sit-ins?

Answer 5

Trained students in non-violent principles and how to cope with harassment.

Question 6

What university did James Meredith re-apply to and when?

Answer 6

University of Mississippi in 1962.

Question 7

What was the response to James Meredith attending Mississippi?

Answer 7

Met with an armed mob of 3,000 on the first day.

Question 8

What was the name of the racist police chief who could easily be proved into using violence with peaceful protestors?

Answer 8

Eugene “Bull” Connor

Question 9

When the jails were full what did Bull Connor use on the marchers?

Answer 9

Dogs and fire hoses

Question 10

What was the aim of the freedom summer (1964)?

Answer 10

To increase black voter registration in Mississippi.

Question 11

What happened to 3 CORE volunteers on the 21st of June 1964?

Answer 11

Murdered by the KKK

Question 12

When was the Civil Rights Act passed?

Answer 12

1964

Question 13

When was the Voting Rights act passed?

Answer 13

1965

Question 14

What was the aim of the freedom rides?

Answer 14

To desegregate interstate buses and facilities.

Question 15

Which group organised violent opposition to the freedom riders?

Answer 15

KKK and White Citizens Council

Question 16

What did the 4 black college students do to protest against segregation in Greensboro 1960?

Answer 16

Sat at an all-white lunch counter (Woolworths) and refused to leave.

Question 17

How many students - black and white - had joined the Greensboro sit-in by the 5th day?

Answer 17

300

Question 18

How were the protesters at Woolworth’s treated by the counter-protestors?

Answer 18

Sworn at, insulted, spat at and had food thrown at them.

Question 19

How did Woolworths react to the protestors?

Answer 19

Initially closed the store down but eventually forced to desegregate.

Question 20

Which organisation was introduced after the success of the sit-ins?

Answer 20

Student Non-violent Co-ordinating Centre (SNCC)

Question 21

What was the wider response to the sit-ins?

Answer 21

Sympathy for protestors - many Americans horrified at the violent response to them.

Question 22

What was the name given to the activists who challenged segregation on interstate buses?

Answer 22

Freedom riders.

Question 23

Which organisation was behind the freedom rides?

Answer 23

CORE

Question 24

How did the freedom riders challenge segregation?

Answer 24

Black and white students sat in the wrong areas of the bus.

Question 25

What was the racist's reaction to the freedom riders?

Answer 25

Beatings, firebombs, mob attacks.

Question 26

What did Bull Connor order the police not to do when a mob attacked the Freedom riders in Birmingham?

Answer 26

Ordered them not to intervene to help the freedom riders.

Question 27

What was the FBI's reaction to the KKK attacks on freedom riders?

Answer 27

Decided not to arrest any KKK members.

Question 28

How did JFK support the freedom riders?

Answer 28

Promised to enforce the desegregation of interstate buses and facilities.

Question 29

Which federal body intervened to force UoM to accept Merdith?

Answer 29

Supreme Court

Question 30

What did JFK do when UoM physically prevented Meredith from entering?

Answer 30

Sent 320 federal marshals to escort Meredith to campus.

Question 31

What happened when Meredith registerd?

Answer 31

A riot broke out (2 people killed)

Question 32

How long were troops protecting Meredith for?

Answer 32

3 years (until he graduated)

Question 33

Which city did MLK describe as the most segregated city in the US?

Answer 33

Birmingham, Alabama

Question 34

Who was the police chief of Birmingham?

Answer 34

Eugene "bull" Connor

Question 35

Why did MLK suspect there would be a violent reaction to his campaign in Birmingham?

Answer 35

'Bull' Connor had used violence against peaceful protestors before (freedom riders)

Question 36

Why did MLK want a violent reaction to non-violent protests?

Answer 36

Media attention and sympathy for protestors.

Question 37

What are 4 examples of non-violent protests used in Birmingham?

Answer 37

Sit-ins Boycotts Marches Mass meetings

Question 38

How many children were arrested for joining the marches in Birmingham?

Answer 38

900

Question 39

What did Connor order police to do to try to get rid of the Birmingham protestors?

Answer 39

Set huge water cannons and dogs on the protestors.

Question 40

How did wider America react to the media coverage of the violence towards protestors at Birmingham?

Answer 40

Sympathetic to protestors.

Question 41

When was the Birmingham campaign?

Answer 41

1963

Question 42

When was the march on Washington?

Answer 42

1963

Question 43

What was the purpose of the Washington march?

Answer 43

Pressure for Civil Rights Bill

Question 44

What civil rights groups were involved in organising the Washington march?

Answer 44

NAACP, CORE, SNCC, SCLC

Question 45

How many people attended the Washington march?

Answer 45

250,000

Question 46

What speech was made at Washington and by whom?

Answer 46

MLK - 'I have a dream'

Question 47

What was the name given to pop-up schools for black school children designed to address racial inequalities?

Answer 47

Freedom schools

Question 48

Who ran freedom schools?

Answer 48

Volunteers (including 1000 white college students)

Question 49

How did the KKK react to freedom schools?

Answer 49

Burned crosses, churches and homes and attacked volunteers.

Question 50

When and where was the Freedom summer?

Answer 50

Mississippi - 1964

Question 51

What happened to the 3 freedom summer activists when they arrived in Mississippi?

Answer 51

Murdered by the KKK following tip-off from police.

Question 52

What 3 ways did both JFK and Johnson support civil rights?

Answer 52

Appointed black Americans to high-level government jobs. Backed the civil rights bill Sent in federal troops to enforce desegregation.

Question 53

What was the name of Johnson's series of programmes that aimed at ending poverty and racial injustice?

Answer 53

Greater Society

Question 54

Name 3 achievements of the Civil Rights Act.

Answer 54

1. Banned segregation of public facilities. 2. Outlawed racial discrimination in employment. 3. Set up an organisation to enforce desegregation.

Question 55

Name 3 limitations of Civil Rights Act.

Answer 55

1. Did not address black voting rights in the south. 2. Did not address low wages and poor housing for black Americans 3. 58% of black children still remained in segregated schools by 1968.

Question 56

What percentage of Selma's population were black?

Answer 56

50%

Question 57

What percentage of Selma's black population were registered to vote?

Answer 57

1%

Question 58

What was the name of Selma's hardliner police chief?

Answer 58

Jim Clark

Question 59

How many protestors marched from Selma to Montogomery?

Answer 59

600

Question 60

What was the event known as 'Bloody Sunday'?

Answer 60

On Sunday, marchers were attacked with tear gas and clubs and then forced back to Selma.

Question 61

How did Johnson help with Selma?

Answer 61

He ordered the state national guard to escort the marchers from Selma to Montgomery.

Question 62

How many people attended the second Selma march led by MLK?

Answer 62

25,000

Question 63

Name 2 things the Voting Rights Act achieved?

Answer 63

Outlawed literacy tests and poll taxes as requirement to vote. Set up body to monitor voter registration.

Question 64

Out of 13 Southern states, how many had fewer than 50% of black citizens registered to vote by 1966?

Answer 64

4

Question 65

When was the greensboro sit-in?

Answer 65

1960

Question 66

How many people joined the greensboro protest within 3 days?

Answer 66

300

Question 67

Who was the SNCC (Student non-violent coordinating committee) set up by?

Answer 67

SCLC and CORE.

Question 68

What was the SNCC?

Answer 68

Trained students to do sit-ins

Question 69

What did the greensboro sit-ins show for publicity?

Answer 69

Showed publicity was important in gaining supporters. Showed non-violent methods to be the most effective way to gain the side of the media.

Question 70

What did the Supreme Court declare in December 1960?

Answer 70

That all state transport and facilities should be desegregated.

Question 71

Who tried to test the Supreme Courts statement in 1960?

Answer 71

13 CORE activists by riding 2 buses from Washington DC to the South.

Question 72

What happened when the freedom riders got to Anniston, Alabama?

Answer 72

100 KKK members attacked and firebombed the bus, nearly killing everyone inside.

Question 73

State one consequence of the freedom riders for the US GOV.

Answer 73

Huge embarrassment from government as state policemen such as Bull Connor had supported the act.

Question 74

What did the Federal government say in response to freedom rides?

Answer 74

It would use federal officers to enforce desegregation - facilities began to desegregate.

Question 75

How many freedom rides were there?

Answer 75

60

Question 76

How big was the mob that attacked Meredith when registering?

Answer 76

3000 people

Question 77

How many federal officers were sent to protect Meredith when registering?

Answer 77

500

Question 78

How did the governor of Missipipi and university officials respond to the order of the supreme court?

Answer 78

Ignored it - they were WCC members.

Question 79

When was the Birmingham campaign and march on washington?

Answer 79

1963

Question 80

How many people attended march on Washington?

Answer 80

250,000 about 40,000 were white.

Question 81

How many black people had registered to vote in the south between 1962 and 1964?

Answer 81

700,000 - still not very much compared to the number of black people who lived there.

Question 82

What did the SNCC do to increase voter registration in the south?

Answer 82

Sent 1000 volunteers to Mississippi to increase black voter registration.

Question 83

Why was Birmingham chosen?

Answer 83

1. Total segregation 2. Bull connor

Question 84

Who was the CRA introduced and passed by?

Answer 84

Introduced by Kennedy - passed by Johnson.

Question 85

When was the voting rights act signed?

Answer 85

6th August 1965

Question 86

By December 1965 how many new voters registered?

Answer 86

80,000 - but it was very slow, led to frustration that the government weren't doing enough.

Question 87

What still happened despite the passing of the CRA and VRA?

Answer 87

Still discrimination in education, housing and employment.

Question 88

How did Kennedy help CR?

Answer 88

Sent federal troops to help Meredith. Supported freedom riders with escorts.

Question 89

What did Johnson do?

Answer 89

Passed CRA and VRA Federal troops for selma marchers. Good relations with Dixiecrats - meant that he could get CRA pushed through.

Question 90

What was the percentage of black people in Selma were registered to vote?

Answer 90

1%

Question 91

Evidence for Selma to be a racist area.

Answer 91

Largest WCC in Alabama.

Question 92

When was Selma?

Answer 92

1965

Question 93

What happened on the 7th March 1965?

Answer 93

Protestors marched from Selma to Montgomery.

Question 94

What was the freedom summer?

Answer 94

A project aimed at increasing the number of registered black American voters in the state of Mississipp