CJA Exam #2 Flashcards
(27 cards)
The New Police: London Metropolitan Police
- 1,000 officers made up new force of police
- Uniformed
- Structured along military lines
- Became a model for police forces worldwide
- Police the poor so that the richest property remains intact
The 20th century
Saw great social change and law enforcement
1902: Association of Chief of Police
1910: First Policewoman hired, failure is the ability to attract women in the law
victims of crime would rather talk to a female over a male officer they use brains and talk much better than men do, men are more assertive and aggressive
-More training of women would improve the system
1915: Fraternal Order of Police
Worst Invention for Police
Automobile, policing before was just law enforcement walking around the neighborhood. Put a wall between law enforcement and the community. Officers do not communicate on a larger basis, and have lost that connection between law enforcement
Disorder Control
respond to violence, something thought we had seen in the past but it had gone away, aftermath of recent shootings we are seeing a return where police are not patrolling.
Crime Control
Crime precedes creation, we see aspects of this that we are responding to crime.
- Look at statistics and set up strategies tomorrow
- Constantly reacting to where crime is happening
- Biggest problem is that we are constantly reactive, even when people are talking about being proactive
Class Control
Ruling class vs. poor, poor minority side and rich suburban side, law enforcement changes the way they patrol these areas
Urban Dispersion
Follow Population Growth
Broken Windows
Control perception of disorder
- incivility-threatening behavior or environments. Back in the 70’s psychologists did experiments of what causes crime to lose control
- Car left to be broken and left there, everything was destroyed
- Placed car in high upper class area and that people were different there
Developed Broken Windows Theory
If you wait until crime starts to occur to respond than you have already lost the battle because your neighborhood is in such disarray that no one is watching and that crimes can be easily committed. Impressions that the neighborhood is going downhill
Example: Abandoned Houses, makes crime easier, make owners clean them up or bulldoze the house, makes crime easier, make owners clem them up or bulldoze them
-Police looking for signs that neighborhood is losing control
Communitarian
Prevailing moral culture
Chicago Crime Commission
1919 surge in crime in Chicago, commission tried to evaluate how criminal justice system was responding to that, year of prohibition
- People processing system concern was not with dispensing justice in our communities, arresting as many people and getting them through the system
- No justice from the system
- Focused on efficiency of the process
- Lack of Training and Political Affiliations
How Prohibition affected law enforcement
1932: Investigate problems associated with Prohibition
- commissioned by the govt.
- Lack of professionalism and criminal corruption
- Introduced treatment and rehabilitation
- Had created our own corrupt process over the laws that we had changed
United States Riot Commission and the ingredients
- 1960s riots across the US
- Looked at different riots and came up with the ingredients
- Appointed by President L. Johnson
-Discrimination, Black Migration/White Flight, Black Ghettos, Frustrated Hopes, Violence legitimated/ Encouraged, Powerlessness, Police Action v. Minority person
Effects of police tactics which may have exacerbated existing problems
Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act
Focus on the professionalism of Police
How would we change professionalism in law enforcement?
- Education, during the 1950s was less than a HS Diploma, we created new bachelor programs, prior to program only 4 dealt with Criminal Justice. Created degrees in this field
- Law enforcement was not innovative at the time so didn’t have an educational standard
- Create Standardize Training
- Infuse policing with technical knowledge
- Law enforcement is usually two steps behind
- Law enforcement does not have the resources to communicate efficiently
- Involve the community
- Bike Patrol, one-on-one contact with people
Education and Training
Modern Police Training involve trainings in areas like:
Human Relations: Firearms Communications: Legal Issues Patrol: Investigations Report Writing: Medical Terrorism: Community
Formal Education
- Not required by all police departments, though for decades it has been recommended by several commissions and groups
- Departments vary with regard to hiring requirements , some require no college, others require a four year degree
What does the department gain if college educated?
Exposure to college given insight into variety of cultures never connected with. Influences way that you think about relationships between ethnic and cultural groups. Making more humane and thoughtful individual
Benefits Associated with Hiring Educated Police Officers
Benefits: Better written reports Enhanced Public Communication Skills More Effective Job Performance Fewer Citizen Complaints Greater Initiative Wiser use of discretion, way all options, pick one least impactful on community Fewer Disciplinary problems
Problems Associated
- More likely to leave police work
- No opportunities to innovate, still have militaristic structure, more likely to challenge the system
- More likely to question orders
- More likely to request realignments
- Allow law enforcement to use education in an effective mater, it can be shown
Law enforcement agencies use a variety of applicant screening methods including:
-personal interviews
-basic skills tests
-physical agility measures
-medical exams
-drug tests
-background investigations
-psychological testing
Not a good test to hire multiple police officers, Chicago did this and they hired ex-gang members
Knapp 1972 NYC police investigation and corruption
Commanders should be held accountable for their subordinates actions
Commanders should file periodic reports on key aspects that would breed corruption
Improve screening and selection methods and standards
Minimize corruption
Missouri Investigation of racial bias as a result of the Michael Brown Shooting
U.S vs. them mentality, strict crime control model , use of force
Courts: practices driven by volume of cases processed and money generated, rather than justice being dispensed
Social Context: economic conditions that are unavailable to all citizens, expanding Medicaid, employment, financial empowerment, housing and transportation
When we think of riot commission report 1st time seen evaluation commission place emphasis on social context, law enforcement is the microcosm
1974- Kansas City Preventive Patrol
Belief that the more police officers, crime would go down. Wanted to test that theory, broke Kansas City into 15 jurisdictions. First 5 mirrored each other in terms of demographics, First 5 leave situation the way it is and do not change the way the officers patrol.
Findings: NO change in one of the areas there was a significant increase in the fear of crime
-one with the majority of cops increases the fear
-More police does not generate less crime and doesn’t mean that cops will arrest people for minor crimes
