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307 Med Surg > CKD > Flashcards

CKD Flashcards

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1
Q

Normal GFR rate

A

90mL/min (or more)

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2
Q

what is the GFR calculated by

A

GFR is calculated based on creatinine, clarence level, gender, age,race, and weight

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3
Q

Uria (output)

A

less than <400mL/day

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4
Q

olgiluria

A

urinary output less than <50mL/day

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5
Q

what are the normal phosphate levels?

A

(2.7-4.5mg/dL)

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6
Q

what are normal calcium levels

A

(8.6-10mg/dL)

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7
Q

what are normal magnesium levels

A

(1.6-2.6mg/dL)

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8
Q

what are normal potassium levels?

A

(3.5-5.0mg/dL)

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9
Q

what is the parathyrome?(what is the side effect)

A

the parathyroid is a hormone that stimulates the bones to release calcium from within to fo into the blood to increase the blood serum (makes our bones weak and brittle)

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10
Q

Stage 1 of CKD

A

GFR >90mL/min/1.73

kidney damage with normal or increased GFR

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11
Q

Stage 2 of CKD

A

GFR= 60-89mL/min/1.73

Mild decrease in GFR

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12
Q

Stage 3 of CKD

A

GFR= 30-59mL/min/1.73

moderate decrease in GFR

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13
Q

Stage 4 of CKD

A

GFR= 15-29mL/min/1.73

servere decrease in GFR

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14
Q

Stage 5 of CKD

A

GFR<15mL/min/1.73
end-stage kidney disease of chronic kidney disease
- stage 5 results when the kidneys cannot remove the body’s metabolic wastes or preform thier regulatory functions

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15
Q

what is Anemia and how can it occur in Kidney failure?

A

anemia occurs due to low EPO, hematuria in the blood plus deficiency in other minerals (such as iron, folic acid, vitamin B12, help production)

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16
Q

What is Uremic frost and what causes it?

A

uremic frost is the crystalize patch of the skin (white frost) due to the deposits of urea crystals and waste in the blood

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17
Q

what is Uria?

A

Uria is the waste product from protein breakdown in the liver

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18
Q

what type of signs and symptoms would you see on a patient with high urea and creatinine in their system?

A

you would see nerologic problems and itching

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19
Q

what is creatinine?

A

creatinine is the waste product from the break down of muscle

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20
Q

what do you see in a patient with CKD? ion levels?

A

(high) phosphate
(high) potassium
(high)magnesium
(low) calcium
protein and Hematuria would be present (when is shouldn’t)

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21
Q

high amounts of fluid (hypervolemic) could lead to..

A

a lot of pressure in the heart leading to pulmonary edema and cardiac issues

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22
Q

what are some causes of CKD?

A
  • Diabeties mellitus
  • high blood pressure
  • nephrotoxic drugs
  • polycystic kidney disease
  • infection
  • acute kidney injury
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23
Q

what does diabetes do to the kidneys?

A

due to the uncontrolled hyperglycemia, glucose start to stick to the artery walls resulting in damage supply to the lungs

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24
Q

what does high blood pressure do to the kidney?

A

uncontrolled hypertension= high pressure on artery walls to kidney and become damaged resulting to less blood to nephrons

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25
what are some nursing interventions for uremia?
encourage patient to follow a low protein diet due to high amounts of waste in the blood from urea (you want to have some protein!!! but not high amounts)
26
what medications could lower the blood pressure?
ACE inhibitors "prill" ARBS "sartan" MONITER GFR + BP regularly
27
what could a patient do during the early stage of CKD?
control blood pressure + glucose | -take medication to lower blood pressure and protect kidney
28
during advance stages of CKD what might be recommended to patients?
abnormal GFR - doing dialysis on a regular schedule - kidney transplant
29
what MUST you check for with a patient who has high amounts of urea in their system
Asses for nero statues (patient might be at risk of falls)
30
due to the high PH level, what type of respirations might you see present on a patient?
Kusmall breathing Metabolic acidosis
31
what might an anemic patient look like?
Pallor skin, tired, short production of breath, confused
32
what are some treatments for patients with progressive CKD at risk of low blood sugar intake?
- supplement iron - erythropoetien (given subcutaneously) helps stimulate bone marrow - blood transfusion
33
due to the low urinary output, as a nurse, what MUST you monitor? and asses for?
Monitor intake +output - get daily weight (great indicator for fluid retention) - swelling status in extremities (abdomen, face) - lung sounds "crackles" (pulmonary edema) - monitor blood pressure and assessing respiratory status
34
what role does potassium play, and how can that affect the kidney?
potassium plays a role in muscle potassium, higher -> high risk for a cardiac event (high T wave)
35
what should a patient with high amounts of potassium avoid?
Potassium!! such as potatoes, avocados, strawberries, banana, spinach oranges
36
what is Kayexalate?
Medication given orally or rectally which helps lower potassium and exit out the body
37
what ion might be high causing the decrease of vitamin D activation?
High amounts of phosphate decreases vitamin D activation (due to the damage of nephrons)
38
what are some treatments for a high amount of phosphate levels?
-PHYSICIAN would order calcium carbonate/ calcium acetate (use to bind phosphate in food and excrete in stool)
39
what are phosphate binders and? and what are they given/ what diet should they be on?
phosphate binders such as carbonate/ calcium acetate are given 5 minutes before or right after meals to excrete phosphate in food. -encourage patient to go in a low protein diet ( so no PULTRY, no fish, no, dairy, no nuts, soda, oatmeal)
40
whats the primary leading cause of CKD?
Diabetes
41
Whats the secondary leading cause?
Hypertension
42
What results in stage 5 in CKD
The kidney cannot remove the body’s metabolic wastes or preform their regular Tory functions, thus renal placement therapies are required to sustain life
43
What is GFR
The amount of plasma filtered through the glomeruli per unit of time
44
What are some prevention of some CKD complications?
Controlling cardiovascular risk, treating hyperglycemia, managing anemia, smoking cessation, weight loss, exercise programs as needed and reduction in salt and alcohol intake
45
What are normal sodium levels?
135-145
46
acute kidney injury (AKI)
rapid loss of renal function due to damage to the kidneys; formerly called acute kidney injury
47
acute nephritic syndrome
type of kidney disease with glomerular inflammation
48
acute tubular necrosis (ATN)
type of acute kidney injury in which | there is damage to the kidney tubules
49
anuria
total urine output less than 50 mL in 24 hours
50
arteriovenous fistula
type of vascular access for dialysis; created by | surgically connecting an artery to a vein
51
arteriovenous graft
type of surgically created vascular access for dialysis by which a piece of biologic, semibiologic, or synthetic graft material connects the patient’s artery to a vein
52
azotemia
abnormal concentration of nitrogenous waste products in the | blood
53
chronic kidney disease
kidney damage or a decrease in the | glomerular filtration rate lasting for 3 or more months
54
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)
method of peritoneal dialysis whereby a patient manually performs exchanges or cycles throughout the day
55
continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis (CCPD)
method of peritoneal dialysis in which a peritoneal dialysis machine (cycler) automatically performs exchanges, usually while the patient sleeps
56
continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT)
method used to replace normal kidney function in patients who are hemodynamically unstable by circulating the patient’s blood through a hemofilter and returning it to the patient
57
dialysate
the electrolyte solution that circulates through the dialyzer in hemodialysis and through the peritoneal membrane in peritoneal dialysis
58
dialyzer
artificial kidney; contains a semipermeable membrane through which particles of a certain size can pass
59
end-stage kidney disease (ESKD)
final stage of chronic kidney disease that results in retention of uremic waste products and the need for renal replacement therapies
60
glomerulonephritis
inflammation of the glomerular capillaries
61
hemodialysis
procedure during which a patient’s blood is circulated | through a dialyzer to remove waste products and excess fluid
62
nephrotic syndrome
type of kidney disease with increased | glomerular permeability and massive proteinuria
63
Most accurate indicator of fluid loss or gain, in an acutely ill patient, is
weight
64
A key monitoring tool is monitoring and documenting all
intakes and outputs including fluid losses such as diarrhea, pulmonary edema, vomiting.
65
in primary glomerular diseases, what part is involved?
glomerular capillaries
66
clinical manifestations of glomerular injury include
proteinuria, hematuria, decreased GFR, decreased excretion of sodium, edema, and hypertension
67
nephrotic syndrome
changes to the glomerulus due to the leaking of massive amounts of protein
68
Because magnesium levels rise and calcium levels decrease it can affect what? And what should you not give the patient
Higher magnesium levels and lower calcium levels could affect the tendon reflects as well as absolutely flexes patience could also be lethargic. So do not give them any magnesium-based anti-acids or laxatives

307 Med Surg (2 decks)

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