Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Junior Medicine- Renal > CKD > Flashcards

CKD Flashcards

(39 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is CKD?

A

A chronic reduction in kidney function that tends to be permanent and progressive.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the risk factors of CKD?

A
  • Older age
  • Hypertension
  • Diabetes
  • Smoking
  • Use of nephrotoxins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the causes of CKD?

A
  • Diabetic nephropathy
  • Hypertension
  • Age related decline
  • Glomerulonephritis
  • Polycystic kidney disease
  • Medications such as NSAIDS, ACEi, PPIs and lithium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does CKD usually present?

A

Usually asymptomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What symptoms may CKD present with if not asymptomatic?

A
  • Pruritis
  • Lack of appetite
  • Nausea
  • Oedema
  • Peripheral neuropathy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What bedside test is important in CKD?

A

Urine dip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is G score calculated?

A

Using eGFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What gives a G score of 1?

A

eGFR 90+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What gives a G score of 2?

A

eGFR 60-89

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What gives a G score of 3a?

A

eGFR 45-59

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What gives a G score of 3b?

A

eGFR 30-44

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What gives a G score of 4?

A

eGFR 15-29

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What gives a G score of 5?

A

eGFR<15

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is G5 better known as?

A

End-stage renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is A score calculated?

A

Urine albumin:creatinine ratio (ACR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What gives an A score of 1?

Study These Flashcards
A

Albumin:creatinine ratio <3mg/mmol

17
Q

What gives an A score of 2?

Study These Flashcards
A

Albumin:creatinine ratio 3-30mg/mmol

18
Q

What gives an A score of 3?

Study These Flashcards
A

Albumin:creatinine ratio 30+mg/mmol

19
Q

What G score and eGFR is needed to diagnose CKD?

Study These Flashcards
A

G3 (eGFR<60) or proteinuria

20
Q

What are the complications of CKD?

Study These Flashcards
A

RC PAD

  • Renal bone disease
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Peripheral neuropathy
  • Anaemia (lack of EPO)
  • Dialysis related problems
21
Q

When do NICE suggest a specialist referral?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • eGFR<30
  • ACR 70+ mg/mmol
  • Decrease in eGFR of 15 or 25% in 1 year
  • HTN not controlled on 4 medications
22
Q

What are the aims of CKD management?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Slow disease progression
  • Reduce CVS risk
  • Prevent/treat complications
23
Q

How can disease progression be slowed?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Optimise diabetic control
  • Optimise hypertensive control
  • Treat glomerulonephritis
24
Q

How can complications be prevented?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Exercise/Healthy weight
  • Stop smoking
  • Special dietary advice about phosphate, sodium, potassium and water intake
  • Atorvastatin 20mg for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease
25
How can a metabolic acidosis be treated?
Oral sodium bicarbonate
26
How can anaemia be treated?
- Iron supplementation | - EPO
27
How can renal bone disease be treated?
Vitamin D
28
How can end stage renal failure be treated?
- Transplant | - Dialysis
29
Describe the pathophysiology of anaemia of chronic renal disease.
- CKD damages cells in the kidney - Fibroblasts cannot produce as much EPO - Less EPO so less RBCs produced
30
Why should regular transfusion be avoided?
Regular transfusions sensitise the immune system, so transplanted organs are more likely to be affected
31
What should always be offered before EPO?
Iron (IV or PO)
32
What are the features of renal bone disease?
- Osteomalacia (softened bones) - Osteoporosis (brittle bones) - Osteosclerosis (hardened bones)
33
What will a spinal XR show in renal bone disease?
'Rugger Jersey' | - Sclerosis of both ends of the vertebra (denser white) - - Osteomalacia in the centre of the vertebra (less white)
34
Describe the pathophysiology of renal bone disease.
- High serum phosphate due to reduced phosphate excretion - Low active vitamin D since the kidney metabolises it to its active form - Active vitamin D drives Ca2+ absorption in the intestines and kidneys - It also regulates bone turnover
35
How does a secondary hyperparathyroidism occur in CKD?
Parathyroid glands react to the low calcium and high phosphate by excreting more PTH
36
What does a secondary hyperparathyroidism cause?
- High PTH increases osteoclasts - Calcium absorbed from bones - Decreased bone density (osteomalacia)
37
How does osteosclerosis occur?
- Osteoblasts increase activity to match osteoclasts | - Due to lack of calcium, this bone isn't properly mineralised
38
Summarise renal bone disease.
- Low active VitD= low calcium and high phosphate - PTH increases to increase osteoclast activity - Osteoclasts cause osteomalacia - Osteoblasts increase activity, causing osteosclerosis
39
How is renal bone disease treated?
- Active forms of vitamin D (alfacalcidol and calcitriol) - Low phosphate diet - Bisphosphonates for osteoporosis

Junior Medicine- Renal (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions