CLA Flashcards
(192 cards)
1
Q
How old are babies when they understand different tones of voice and certain words?
A
6 months
2
Q
How many words are they saying by 3 years?
A
10 word complex sentences and an average of 20,000 to 30,000 words a day
3
Q
By when do children discovers that different screams get different responses from parent?
A
8 weeks
4
Q
Who did the Burp study?
A
Snow
5
Q
When was the Burp study?
A
1977
6
Q
What study did Snow do?
A
Burp
7
Q
Who proved babies are acclimatised to the sound of their native language before birth?
A
Mehler
8
Q
When did Mehler conduct his experiment?
A
1988
9
Q
What did Mehler prove in his experiment?
A
That babies as young as 4 days were able to distinguish their native language
10
Q
Children all around the _____ pass through ______ _____, suggesting child language acquisition is ______
A
world
similar stages
universal
11
Q
First 3 stages:
A
Crying, Cooing, Babbling
12
Q
Crying is a form of _________
A
expression
13
Q
Time frame of cooing:
A
6-8 weeks
14
Q
Time frame of babbling:
A
6-9 months
15
Q
What stage, from 6-9 months, resemble adult language?
A
Babbling
16
Q
What are small repeated syllables called?
A
Repeated monosyllables
17
Q
What are repeated monosyllables?
A
Small repeated syllables
18
Q
Time period of vocal play/scribbling:
A
20-50 weeks
19
Q
Who came up with vocal play/scribbling?
A
David Crystal
20
Q
What is phonemic expansion?
A
When babies develop words and sounds using vocal cords
21
Q
What is phonemic contraction?
A
When babies stop using sounds that are not used in their language
22
Q
During what stage does the number of different phenomes used initially increase?
A
Babbling stage
23
Q
When does a phonemic contraction occur?
A
Around 9-10 months
24
Q
Why does phonemic contraction occur?
A
Because certain sounds aren’t used in different native tongues
25
The __________ __ ___________ resemble speech
Patterns of Intonation
26
How do babies use pragmatics?
Gestures and body language
27
Who discovered the Melodic Utterance Stage?
David Crystal
28
What is the Melodic Utterance Stage?
When the child is reflecting the melody, rhythm and intonation of their mother tongue. Will sound as if talking despite lack of actual words.
29
When does holophrastic stage occur?
12 to 18 months
30
Why are holophrases important?
Because one word conveys many meanings
31
How much is usually the productive vocabulary?
50
32
The productive vocabulary uses words in ...
... a variety of meanings, semantic events
33
During the holophrastic stage, how many words will a child understand?
5 times as more words as they can say
34
How do children have to be creative with their productive vocabulary?
They have to convey many different meanings from one word
35
When was productive vocab categorised?
1973
36
Who categorised productive vocab?
Nelson
37
What did Nelson do?
Categorise productive vocab
38
When did Nelson do his work?
1973
39
How many categories are there for the productive vocab?
4
40
What are Nelson's different categories?
Naming, Action, Social, Modifying
41
How much of the productive vocab are nouns?
60% of the 50
42
What role does the environment play on the productive vocabulary?
It can affect which words that are learnt by child
43
Who wrote a group of words that are commonly spoken by children in their productive vocab in 2010?
Saxton
44
When did Saxton write a list of common words?
2010
45
Who wrote about the forms of overextension?
Rescorla
46
When was overextension introduced?
1980s
47
How many forms of overextensions are there?
3
48
What did Rescorla do?
Write about the different forms of extension
49
What is overextension?
A creative way children label things
50
What is underextension?
When a child applies a label to fewer references than it should have
51
Most common type of overextension?
Categorical
52
How common is categorical overextension?
The most common
53
What is categorical overextension?
When they use a hyponym in place of a hypernym
54
How does categorical overextension disappear?
When the parent gives positive reinforcement and teach new words, the overextension disappears as more hyponyms are learnt
55
How common is analogical overextension?
15%
56
Which overextension is 15% common?
Analogical
57
What is analogical overextension?
Related to the function or perception of the object
58
Example of categorical overextension?
Saying 'apple' in place of 'fruits' when referring to 'pears'
59
Example of analogical overextension?
Saying ' sock' in place of 'gloves'
60
Which overextension is 25% common?
Mismatch or predicative
61
How common is mismatch or predicative overextension?
25%
62
What is mismatch or predicative overextension?
Statements that convey some form of abstract information - mislabelling - assuming based on what they normally see
63
Example of mismatch or predicative overextension?
Saying 'doll' when referring to a cot that usually has a doll
64
Example of underextension?
Saying 'shoes' when referring to their own shoes but not connecting it to other people's shoes
65
Who created the processes of language acquisition?
Aitchison
66
When did Aitchison create his research?
1987
67
What are Aitchison's processes of CLA?
Labelling
Packaging
Network building
68
What happens in the labelling stage of Aitchison's processes?
Associate words with objects in the world around them
Link words to things
Understand the concept of labels
69
How many stages in Aitchison's processes of CLA?
3
70
What happens in the packaging stage of Aitchison's processes?
Start to explore the extent of the label
71
During which of Aitchison's stages does overextension usually occur?
Packaging
72
What happens in the network building stage of Aitchison's processes?
The kinds make connections between the labels they developed
| They begin understanding opposites and similaries, relationships and contrasts
73
Thompson and Chapman
1977
74
Hock, Ingram and Gibson
1986
75
What did Thompson and Chapman, Hock, Ingram and Gibson work on?
The development of meaning
76
What did Thompson and Chapman, Hock, Ingram and Gibson's research show?
Overextensions in comprehension was much less frequent than in naming - even though they use overextensions when naming things, but understand that it is a different word
77
How old are children usually in the holophrastic stage?
12-18 months
78
When do kids say their first word?
11/12 months
79
Single word utterances may appear to be ...
... 2 words
80
What are holophrases?
A word or group of words that children see as one unit
81
Why do children use holophrases?
To convey multiple functions, meanings and concepts
82
What is semantics?
The understanding of meaning
83
During the holophrastic stage, how much can children understand?
Far more than they can convey
84
What is the Gestalt expression?
The way children at a certain stage can compress a string of words into a single utterance - functions as sentences
85
What are the 2 possible explanations for the Gestalt expression?
- The child has yet to segment the sound into words
| - The child is picking up 'chunks' of language and using them as units to communicate
86
When is the two-word stage?
18 months
87
What is amazing about the two-word stage?
It is grammatically correct
88
What do children not use in the two-word stage?
Determiners
89
Who studied the way a child would use "mummy sock"?
Bloom
90
When was the phrase "mummy sock" studied?
1973
91
What was found out about the phrase "mommy sock"?
It has multiple different functions and is therefore context bound
92
Who came up with pivot schema?
Braine
93
When was pivot schema invented?
1963
94
What is pivot schema?
When children use patterns of two-word utterances that seem to revolve around certain key words
95
What is morphology?
Acquisition of inflections
96
Who studied acquisition of inflections?
Brown
97
When was Brown's studies?
1973
98
Who conducted the Wug study?
Berko
99
When was the Wug study conducted?
1958
100
What study was carried out by Berko?
The Wug study
101
Why was the Wug study used?
To understand acquisition of grammatical rules
102
What happened in the Wug study?
Despite never hearing the word before, when told to say the plural form they added '-s'
103
Who divided the acquisition of afflictions into stages?
Cruttenden
104
When did Cruttenden divide up the acquisition of afflicitions?
1979
105
What are the 3 stages of the acquisition of affliction?
- Memorise words on an individual basis
- Apply regular endings to words that require irregular inflections after learning general principles
- Use correct inflections
106
What is overgeneralisation?
Applying a rule and assuming that every example follows the rule, without realising there are exceptions
107
What is virtuous error?
The children are wrong for our grammar. They are starting to use and apply grammar rules independently – not actually wrong - deducting from what they know
108
When was the Innate theory?
1959
109
Who's is the innate theory?
Chomsky
110
What is Chomsky's theory?
The innate theory
111
What is nativism?
An in-built capacity to understand grammar
112
What is the innate theory?
The ability to extract rules and underlying language
113
What is the LAD?
Language Acquisition Device
114
Who came up with the LAD?
Chomsky
115
Who did the Jim study?
Bard and Sacs
116
When was the Jim study?
1967
117
What study did Bard and Sacs do?
Jim study
118
What was the Jim study?
Jim had deaf parents, but he could hear
Parents didn't use much sign language
Jim spent a lot of time watching tv and listening to the radio
Jim's speech development was delayed despite having access to and hearing a lot of language
Getting a speech therapist caused great improvements
119
Whose were the cognitive learning mechanisms?
Saxton
120
What are cognitive learning mechanisms?
Abilities, such as the ability to spot patterns
121
Whose is the Behaviourism theory?
Skinner
122
What was Skinner's theory?
Behaviourism
123
When was the Behaviourism theory formed?
1957
124
What did Skinner say language acquisition is?
Conditioned behaviour
125
How does the behaviourist theory suggest children learn language?
By imitating others
| Getting positive reinforcement from caretakers
126
2 main flaws of Behaviourism theory?
- Research on pigeons
| - Irregular verbs
127
Who studied overextension in naming and comprehension?
Thompson and Chapman Hock, Ingram and Gibson
128
When was Social Interaction Theory?
1980s
129
What is CDS?
Child-directed speech
130
Why do parents use more pronounced intonation?
To bring attention to key morphemes or words
131
Why do parents use simplified vocab?
To help establish key words
132
What do repeated grammatical 'frames' do?
They help draw attention to new elements within those frames
133
What does the use of simplified grammar mean?
That the shorter utterances are easier for children to understand and pick up
134
What do tag questions do?
They initiate turn-taking and elicit a response
135
What is accompanied with speech?
Paralinguistic/actions
136
What is recasting?
Parents expand, recast and develop utterances without explicitly correcting them for grammar or vocab
137
What does recasting do?
It encourages greater correctness and helps the child be more accurate
138
What do questions in the two-word stage rely on?
Intonation
139
During the telegraphic stage, what, to do with questions, do children begin to acquire?
Question words: who, what, when, where, why and how
140
What do children tend to miss out in their telegraphic stage?
Auxiliary verbs
141
When do children begin using auxiliary verbs?
Three years (Post telegraphic stage)
142
In the post-telegraphic stage, what do children do with the structure of questions?
They engage with syntax, inverting the order of the subject and verb
143
How many stages in negatives acquisition?
3
144
In the first stage of negatives acquisition, what do children rely on?
Single words e.g. "no" or "not"
145
When is the 2 word negatives stage?
About 3 years
146
What is the second stage of negatives?
Apostrophe of compression or possession
147
What is the syntax like for sentences with compressed negative?
Correct grammatical structure for adults (placed after the subject, before the activity/verb)
148
When does a greater range of negatives begin being used?
Between telegraphic and post-telegraphic
149
What makes phonology support innate theory?
Certain trends followed
150
Command of all the _______ is achieved before command of ________
Vowels
| Consonants
151
Children only struggle with ____ consonants
A few
152
What about phonology is difficult for children to master?
Consonant clusters
153
At around what age are all consonants mastered?
6-8
154
When do consonants tend to be used correctly?
At the beginning of a word
155
When do consonants tend to be more difficult?
At the end of the word
156
Trends with [p]?
Will get the sound at the start of a word but unable to access the letter when at the end
157
Trends with [b]?
Will get the sound at the start of a word but unable to access the letter when at the end
158
When do children tend to acquire sounds faster?
When the sounds are familiar and often heard
159
Children will ________ their pronunciation
Simplify
160
3 ways of simplification of pronunciation:
Deletion
Substitution
Reduplication
161
What is deletion?
When children delete certain sounds
162
Which sounds do children tend to delete?
Consonants at the end off a word
163
What happen to unstressed syllables?
These are usually deleted
164
Example of the deletion of an unstressed syllable:
Saying 'nana' in place of 'banana'
165
What are consonant clusters?
2 letters working together to create a sound
166
What usually happens to consonant clusters?
They are reduced
167
Example of consonant cluster being cut out:
Saying 'seep' after cutting out the consonant cluster [sl]
168
What is substitution?
When children substitute harder sounds for the easier ones
169
Substitutions that tend to take place:
[d] for 't'
[w] for 'r'
[b] for 'p'
170
What is the trend for [th] fronting?
It is difficult for children
| Sub a [d] in place
171
What is reduplication?
When children pronounce different sounds in the same way
172
Example of substitution:
Saying [wock] in place of 'rock'
173
Example of reduplication:
Saying [gog] in place of 'dog'
174
Which 2 linguists did research about phonology?
Berko and Brown
175
When did the 2 linguists do research about phonology?
1960
176
When did Berko and Brown do their research together?
1960
177
What did Berko and Brown's first study look at?
Pronunciation of [fis] in place of 'fish'
178
What did they do in Berko and Brown's first study?
An adult pronounced 'fish' as [fis] like a child would
179
What happened in Berko and Brown's first study?
The child would reject the adult's wrong pronunciation despite the child themselves being unable to pronounce it properly
180
What did Berko and Brown's first study show?
That children have a greater understanding of pronunciation than they can say themselves
181
When did Cruttenden do his research about phonology?
1974
182
What did Cruttenden study about phonology?
Intonation (pitch)
183
What did Cruttenden do in his study about phonology?
He did a survey based on football announcements
184
What were the results from Cruttenden's phonology study?
Children were able to recognise what the result was from the intonation
185
What is a proto-word?
Something that sounds like a word but the meaning isn't clear
186
What is scribble talk?
Long strings of babbled sounds built up to sound like a conversation with the absence of any meaning
187
What happens during the period of vocal play?
The baby experiments with the different speeds at which the vocal cords can vibrate
188
What does vocal play consist of?
Single vowel/consonant-like sound which are repeated over and over
189
What is variegated babbling?
When consonants and vowels change from one syllable to the next and a wider range of sounds are used
190
What did Snow's Burp study look at?
How parent's influence child's speech development
191
What happened in the Burp study?
Mother responds to a child's burp, initiating turntaking
192
What did the Burp study show?
It encourages turn taking
Exaggerating the range of sounds helps the baby
Creates a predicative nature waiting for turntaking
