CLA Flashcards
(27 cards)
Micheal Halliday - taxonomy theory
What are his 7 systemic functional linguistics and what do they consist of?
Instrumental - to express a need
Regulatory - telling others what to do
Interactional - to form relationships, express feelings
Personal - express opinions, feelings, find child’s identity
Representational - inform, describe, affirm something
Heuristic - helps child find out more about their environment (questions)
Imaginative - create an imaginary world
Skinner - Behaviourist
What is his opinion of imitation?
What else does his theory contain?
Children learn to speak through imitating what they hear
Positive Reinforcement - reward
Negative Reinforcement - Punishment
Chomsky - Nativist
What model did he come up with and what does it do?
What does he believe about language?
That the human brain has a Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
For children to use the lang around them to work out what is grammatically/linguistically correct.
That its an innate understanding of the grammatical rules (universal grammar).
Bruner - Interactive theory
What was his model and what does it mean?
LASS (Lang Acquisition Support System)
Labelling, Feedback to utterances, Query & Gaining attention
Usually supported by parent figures
- scaffolding
Piaget - Cognitive theory
What were his 4 key stages and what did they consist of?
Sensori motor (0-2), object permanence develops. Lexis based around concrete rather than abstract.
Pre-operational (2-7), egocentric, skills more competent.
Concrete operational (7-11), think logically about concrete events.
Formal operational (11+), abstract reasoning develops.
Vygotsky - Interactive theory
What was his model and what did it consist of?
The zone of proximal development:
what they can & can’t do with the help from parental guidance.
Places more emphasis on social factors that contribute to cognitive development.
McTear - pronoun difficulty
What did he find?
Give examples of mistakes that he found that children made:
That children have trouble separating possessive pronouns from personal ones.
Have trouble separating the object case (me, her, them) from the subject case (he, she I)
Mistakes like:
This is hims car
I can see she’s bed
my finished now
Roger Brown - studied ‘2-word’ stage
What did he identify in his research?
Give some of the sequence:
A sequence in which children typically acquire inflections (usually chronologically).
27-30 mnths (present progressive ‘Jumping’)
31-34 months (‘s progressive)
35-40 months (use of article)
41-46 months (uncontractible auxiliaries ‘dad is smiling’ & contractible auxiliaries ‘we’re coming over’)
Ursula Bellugi - Negative Formation
What is her theory?
What are the 3 stages?
Children use ‘not’ or ‘no’ instead of ‘don’t’, ‘can’t’ etc.
Stage 1: will use ‘Not’ or ‘No’ at the start of sentence
Stage 2: ‘Not’ or ‘No’ inside the sentence
Stage 3: Attaches the negative to auxiliary verbs & the copular verb ‘to be’ securely.
Jean Aitchison - Lexis & semantics of children’s lang development
What are the processes that children acquire?
labelling - attaching words to objects
Packaging - confuses hypernyms & hyponyms, rising to ‘under’ & ‘over’ extension
Network building - identifying connections between labelling & objects, identify similarities & differences.
Katherine Nelson
What are the 4 categories of first words?
What did she say was the most common 1st word?
Naming (people/things)
Actions/Events
Describing/modifying
Personal/social
60% of 1st words are nouns.
Erik Thiessen
what did he believe about CDS?
Child Directed lang (CDS) helps children ‘segment’ words & acquire new vocab at a quicker rate than conventional speech
Leslie Rescorla
What does overextension mean?
What did she believe & what does it consist of?
Overextension: widening meaning of a word so that it extends to apply not just to the actual object but also to other objects with similar properties/functions. (daddy for all males)
She believed that overextension can be split into 3 kinds:
Categorical: name for one member of category is extended to all the members of the category. (apple for all fruit)
Analogical: word for one object is extended to one in a different category; usually on the basis that’s physical/functional
Predicate: child makes a statement about one object in relation to another conveying meaning that relates to absence. (correlates all ponds with ducks)
John Dore
What was his theory?
Name some of the functions:
offers another way of describing lang functions that focuses more on speech acts as individual utterances rather than Halliday’s approach to pragmatic functions.
Functions:
Repeating
Labelling
Calling
Protesting
Greeting
Practicing
Answering
Requesting Action
Vygotsky theory 2:
What is it?
linked children’s play to cognitive & social development
children often use props as ‘pivots’ to support their play, but when older, they use their imagination instead
Catherine Garvey
What did she find out about children that play together?
found that children adopt roles/identities, act out storylines, invent objects/settings in role-play scenarios.
they tend to practise social interactions, negotiation skills, playing roles & responsibilities
called socio dramatic play, involves social & dramatic skills
Grunwells theory:
What is the theory?
Name the sound normally pronounced at 48+ months, 42 months & 36 months:
list of phonemic symbols & sounds
48+months = dental fricative ‘th’
42 months = affricative ‘ch’
36 months = affricative ‘j’
Phonology:
what are the 3 stages?
what ages do they contain & what do they consist of?
Vegetative Stage (0-2mnths)
sounds of discomfort (crying) or reflexive actions
Cooing (4-7mnths)
comfort sounds, vocal play, opened mouth vowel sounds
laughter, changes in pitch & loudness
‘goo’, ‘ga-ga’ -> discover vocal chords
Babbling (6-9mnths)
repeated patterns of constant & vowel sounds
‘baba’ -> reduplicated monosyllables
Phonology:
what does phonemic expansion mean? and at how many months?
what does phonemic contraction mean? and at how many months?
phonemic Expansion - variety of sounds a child can produce increases (6-9mnths)
Phonemic Contraction - sounds a child can make are reduced so that they can only make the sounds of their own language (9mnths)
Phonology:
what is Assimilation?
what is addition?
what is constant cluster reduction?
what is Deletion of unstressed syllable?
what is deletion?
what is substitution?
Assimilation - changing one constant or vowel sound for another
‘gog’ for ‘dog’
Addition - addition for a diminutive suffix
‘horsey’ for ‘horse’
Deletion of unstressed syllable - omission of the opening syllable in a polysyllabic word
‘nana’ for ‘banana’
Constant cluster reduction - reduction of constant syllable
‘pider for spider
Deletion - omitting the final constant in words
Substitution - substituting one sound for another (especially the ‘harder’ sounds that develop later, such as the palatal unvoiced fricatives)
Phonology: Places of Articulation
what are the 7 places of articulation & describe them
Labio-dental - refers to consonant sounds produced when the top teeth make contact with bottom lip
‘f’ & ‘v’
Dental (interdental) - produced by putting the tip of the tongue between the upper & lower teeth
/θ/ in thick & /ð/ as ‘the’ in rather
Glottal - sounds that are produced using the glottis in some way
‘h’
Alveolar - (of a constant), pronounced with the tip of the tongue on or near this ridge
‘t’ ‘n’ ‘s’ ‘d’ ‘l’
Palatal - articulated with body of tongue raised against the hard palate
‘y’ in yet
Bilabial - (of a speech), formed by the closure of near closure of the lips
‘m’ ‘p’ ‘b’
Velar - (of a speech sound), pronounced with the back of the tongue near the soft palate
‘g’ & ‘k’
Phonology: Manner of Articulation
what are the 7 manners of Articulation & describe them?
Plosives (stops):
‘p’ &’b’ -> lips coming together & closing (bilabial)
‘t’ & ‘d’ -> tip of tongue touches alveolar ridge (alveolar)
‘k’ & ‘g’ -> back of tongue at the soft palate (velar)
Laterals:
placing tongue on ridge of teeth, air moving downside of the mouth
allows air to escape at the sides of the tongue
‘L’ in lamp
Affricatives:
5-10yrs (late in development) -> single phonomen
airflow is completely blocked & comes out as a fricative, but beings as a stop
‘J’ in jump
‘ch’ in chips
Approximants:
consonant sounds made by bringing two parts of the mouth, nearly closing, without friction
‘y’ in yes & ‘w’ in wet & ‘r’
Nasal: (in first 24mnths)
covered velum, closure in oral cavity air flown out of nose.
articulation = bilabial
‘m’ (bilabial), ‘n’ (alveolar), ‘g’ in dog (velar)
Fricatives: (appear later on)
a narrowing of the vocal tract, causing air to flow through a restricted space
‘f’, ‘v’, ‘z’, ‘θ’ in think, ‘ð’ in then, ‘ʃ’ in ship, ‘ʒ’ in leisure
stages of CLA:
0-2 months = vegetative stage
4-7 months = cooing
6-12 months = babbling
9-18 months = melodic utterances
12-18 months = holophrastic stage
approx 24 months = two-word stage
2-3 years = =telegraphic stage
3+ years = post-telegraphic stage
Usually happens during 6-9mnths
what is a replicated monosyllable?
what does phonemic expansion & contraction mean?
Replicated Monosyllable = the repetition of a sound
baba
Phonemic Expansion = the variety of sounds a child can produce increases
Phonemic Contraction = the sounds a child can make are reduced so that they can only make the sounds of their own language
