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Plant Systematics > Clades etc. > Flashcards

Clades etc. Flashcards

1
Q

Systematics

A

description, identification, nomenclature, and classification plus phyologeny or bringing it all together

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2
Q

phylogeny

A

primary goal of styematics

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3
Q

genetic drift

A

genetic modification is random

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4
Q

natural selection

A

genetic change is directed and nonrandom1

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5
Q

taxonomy (DINC)

A

4 components Description, indentification, nomenclature, and clissification

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6
Q

two ways of ariving at a clasification

A

phenetic and phylogenetic

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7
Q

phenetic

A

based on overall simliaratie

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8
Q

apomorphy

A

a derived condition

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9
Q

synapomorphy

A

a dervied condition that unites two or more lineages

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10
Q

autoapomorphy

A

occurs only within a single lineage

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11
Q

phylogram

A

cladogram that has an absolute time scale

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12
Q

plant

A

cellulose in cell wall 2. cholorophyll b 3. thylakoids stacked in grana 4. true starch storage compound

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13
Q

systematics

A

study of biodiveristy

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14
Q

3 parts of systematics from notes

A
  1. species delimitation 2. relationships 3. nomenclature
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15
Q

walter Judd quote

A

“systematics is the science behind the discovery, description and interpretation of biological diversity as well as the synsthesis of information on diversity in the form of phylogenic (evolutionary relationships) and predictive classification systems”

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16
Q

G.G. Simpson quote -

A

Systematics is the scientific study of the kinds and diversity of organsims and of the (evolutionary, geneological) relationships among them.

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17
Q

metapopulation

A

largest scale group with geneflow, separatel evolving, segment of a lineage,

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18
Q

Aristolilean classification

A

naturally exclusive and nested

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19
Q

Ernst Mayer

A

Biological species concept

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20
Q

2 most famous concepts

A

biological species concept, phylogentic species concept

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21
Q

endosymbiosis

A

one being engulf the other in a symbiotic relationship

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22
Q

homology

A

similarity resulting from common ancestry

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23
Q

homoplasy

A

resulting from convergent evolution

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24
Q

OTU

A

operational taxonomic unit

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25
plesiomorphic
ancestral , primitive
26
paraphyletic
not all the descendents
27
reticulation
hybridization
28
ontogeny
developmental sequence under the control of a number of genes
29
stipules
outgrowth on either side of the base of the leaf stem
30
vicariance
geographical seperation of species
31
heterochrony
developmental change in the timing of events
32
allopatric driver
isolatio drom vicariance
33
sympatric
evolution without vicariance
34
cladograms, chronograms and phylograms
topology and clade groups, with time, with amount of proportional evolution
35
fully resovled tree
binary only
36
flower
reporductive organ of angiosperms
37
sexual parts of a flower
androecium, and gynoecium
38
androecium
collection of male reproductive structure
39
stamen
individual male reproductive structure
40
stamen's may possess
filament, anther
41
filament
stalk on which the anther is found, not presnet in a "laminar stamen" case
42
anther
stack-like structure where pollen is produced
43
Gynoecium
female parts
44
gynoecium includes
pistil (ovary style and stigma),
45
pistil
individual unit of the gynoecium, consiting of and ovary, style and stigma
46
Ovary
unit of the pistil where the ovules/ seeds are formed
47
Style
slender stalk between ovary and stigma
48
stigma
part of gynoecium receptive to pollen, typically the apex of a style
49
Sepals/ Calyx
outer sterile (often green) structures of flower
50
Petals/ Corolla
inner sterile (often colorful
51
Connate
parts fused together
52
Adnate
different parts are fused together
53
Perianth
sterile parts of the flower, sepals + petals
54
Apocarpous
more than one pistil per flower
55
Syncarpous
having one pistil per flower
56
Carpels
unit of symmetry of a syncarpous pistil - having three carpels - 3 - carpellate
57
Ovules
integumented megasporangium when fertilized then called a seed
58
Placentation
attachment of ovules / seeds to the inner walls of the ovary (Axile, Marginal or Parietal
59
Axile placentation
ovary divided into chambers and seeds attached to center column
60
Marginal
ovary with no division and only one main row of seeds
61
Parietal placentation
ovary with no division but several rows of seeds attached to the w
62
Parietal placentation
ovary with no division but several rows of seeds attached to the wall
63
Receptacle
the end of the pedicel where most of the flower parts are attached
64
Hypanthium
floral cup, a fusion of sepals, petals and stmens into a tube
65
hypogynous
flower parts (sepals, stamens and petals) are attahced at base of ovary
66
Epigynou
flower parts sttahced above or on top of the ovary
67
perigynous
flower parts fused into a tube
68
Staminate
male only
69
pistillate
female only
70
Dioecious
sexes on seperate individuals
71
monoecious
sexes seperate in regards to flower but not in regard to OTU
72
radial / actinomorphic symmetry
can be cut in several ways and symmetery is even
73
bilateral/ Zygomorphic
parts of unequal size
74
inflorescences
group or cluster of flowers (Peduncle, Pedicel Bracts indeterminate, Determinate)
75
Peduncle
stalk of an inflorescence
76
Pedicel
stalk of individual flower
77
Bracts
small, leaf like structures found below flowers in inflorescences
78
indeterminate
an inflorescence that keeps growing from apex
79
spike
fowers attached directly to the inflorescence axis
80
Raceme
flowers attached by single stalks to the inflorescence
81
panicel
a compound infloresecne
82
Fruit
ripe mature ovary and any attached parts
83
dehiscent
breaks open to reveal seeds
84
Capsule
dehiscent fruit from a syncarpous ovary, usually with several lines of opening
85
follicle
a dehiscent fruit opening on one side
86
legume
dehiscent fruit froma 1-carpellate ovary opening on both sides
87
indehiscent
doens't break
88
quantitative measurement
continuous measurements and meristic measurment
89
habits
herbaceous, shrub, tree, succulent, vine and liana
90
herbaceous
lacks woody tissue
91
liana
woody vine
92
Rhizome
stem type - horizontal, underground and generally cylindrical
93
tuber
solid underground, mod. for strage
94
stolon
stem above ground and horizontal
95
bulb
thickened, vertical stem with felshy storage leaves (onion) -leaves thickest
96
corm
solid, erect, underground stem thickest
97
bud types
axillary and terminal bud
98
lenticel
marks or breaks in the break where gas exchange occurs or raised pores
99
basal, alternate, opposite, whorled
arrangement types (phyllotaxy_
100
attachment of leaf
sessile or petiolate
101
venation
pinate (central vien), palmate, and parallel
102
lancelolate vs oblong vs ovate
sword or spear-shaped, long rectangular, sides parallel,vs egg shaped
103
elliptic
widest near middle
104
prickle
non-woody or only slightly woody sharp outgrowth of surface

Plant Systematics (2 decks)

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