Clans In Zimbabwe Flashcards
(335 cards)
1
Q
What is a clan?
A
A group of people with close family ties who share a history and often a family name
Clans are found all over the world and have a shared identity.
2
Q
How are clans defined in Zimbabwe?
A
Families who group themselves together based on a common ancestor
Members of a clan have descended from a common ancestor, usually male.
3
Q
Who is considered the spiritual guide of a clan in Zimbabwe?
A
The common ancestor
The common ancestor and totem unify the clan.
4
Q
What is a totem in the context of Zimbabwean clans?
A
A symbol which identifies the clan
For example, the heart identifies the Moyo clan, and the monkey identifies the Soko clan.
5
Q
When does a Zimbabwean child receive their clan name?
A
From the day of birth
The clan name is also referred to as isibongo or mutopo.
6
Q
What are isiNdebele surnames that also function as clan names?
A
Khumalo and Nyathi
These surnames are examples of clan names (isibongo).
7
Q
Name one TjiKalanga-speaking clan and its totem.
A
Moyo (heart totem)
Other TjiKalanga-speaking clans include Mlalazi (sharpening-stone totem) and Gumbo (foot totem).
8
Q
Which ancient African empires do Kalanga clans trace their history to?
A
Khami and Rozvi
These empires are part of the historical background of Kalanga clans.
9
Q
True or False: A common ancestor in a clan can only be male.
A
False
In some clans, the common ancient ancestor is a female.
10
Q
Fill in the blank: The Moyo clan is represented by the _______.
A
heart totem
This totem symbolizes the Moyo clan.
11
Q
What is a common characteristic of communities in cities regarding clans?
A
They contain a mixture of clans
This diversity is often seen within broader ethnic groups, such as the Shona.
12
Q
Within the Shona group, how do individuals typically identify?
A
With a particular clan rather than the Shona group as a whole
This indicates a strong sense of clan identity.
13
Q
Can people from different regions belong to the same clan?
A
Yes
This is illustrated by IsiNdebele-speaking clans sharing lineage with the Khumalo people.
14
Q
What need did clans in Zimbabwe originate from?
A
The need to identify as members of a group that belong together and to differentiate from other clans
This identification was often symbolized by totems.
15
Q
What role did totems play in clan identity?
A
They made the group identity clear
Totems often represent specific animals or natural elements significant to the clan.
16
Q
What was one rule that clans established regarding marriage?
A
People from the same clan were not allowed to marry each other
This practice helped guard against incest.
17
Q
What environmental responsibility did clans have?
A
They were instructed to look after the environment and protect their totems
For example, not eating eland meat if the eland was your totem.
18
Q
What was a practical benefit of forming clans?
A
Clans proved a useful way of organizing the way people lived together
It became a widespread practice in communities.
19
Q
Fill in the blank: Clans originated from people’s need to identify as members of a group that belong together and to identify their differences from other _______.
A
[clans]
20
Q
What is a totem in the context of a clan?
A
A totem is the symbol of a clan that identifies the clan and keeps it together.
21
Q
Give an example of a totem for the Bakuli clan.
A
Elephant
22
Q
What qualities do clan members admire in their totem animals?
A
Bravery, strength, cleverness
23
Q
How do totems serve as unifying factors for clans?
A
They inspire members to embody qualities associated with their totem.
24
Q
What role do ancestors play in clan spirituality?
A
They serve as spiritual guides for clan members.
25
What do clans believe about their ancestors?
They believe ancestors guide them on how to live and treat each other.
26
What are moral standards in the context of clans?
Actions guided by the beliefs instilled by ancestors.
27
How do clans seek spiritual guidance?
By practicing certain rituals together.
28
What is a common ancestor's role in a clan?
Unifies members through shared beliefs and customs.
29
True or False: In modern-day Zimbabwe, spirituality is a unifying factor for clans.
True
30
Fill in the blank: In present-day Zimbabwean society, spirituality unifies clans alongside _______.
[Christianity]
31
What is the significance of geographical area for clan members in Zimbabwe?
Most clan members came from the same region or area.
32
Which dialect is spoken by clans from the Zambezi Valley?
ChiTonga
33
Which dialect is associated with clans from eastern Zimbabwe?
Manyika
34
Which dialect is spoken by clans from the southwest of Zimbabwe?
IsiNdebele
35
True or False: Modern-day Zimbabwe consists solely of clans from their original regions.
False
36
What has contributed to the modern-day demographic of Zimbabwe?
Various migrations and displacements.
37
What role do sacred places play for clans in Zimbabwe?
They are sites for pilgrimages or ceremonies.
38
Fill in the blank: People from different clans are now living together as _______.
neighbours
39
What factor continues to hold clans together despite geographical changes?
Sacred meaning of places in original regions.
40
What is the significance of customs, beliefs, folklore, games, songs, and dances in Zimbabwe?
They remind us of our heritage and bring families together during celebrations and ceremonies
## Footnote
These practices have been maintained for hundreds or thousands of years and connect different generations.
41
Define 'custom'.
A traditional way of behaving specific to a group of people
## Footnote
This can include families, clans, or communities.
42
What is lobola?
A custom where the groom gives money or cattle to the bride's family
## Footnote
It is commonly practiced among many people in Zimbabwe.
43
What are some customs that show respect in Zimbabwe?
* Crouching
* Kneeling to elders
## Footnote
Examples include kupfugama / kugwadama, kutyora muzura, and tumba.
44
What are beliefs?
Ideas on which we base our way of life, often related to right and wrong
## Footnote
They shape our moral and spiritual outlook.
45
What do spiritual beliefs often involve?
The idea that there is more to life than earthly existence
## Footnote
This includes beliefs in the afterlife and a higher power.
46
Name three examples of belief systems.
* Christianity
* Islam
* African Traditional Religions
## Footnote
These systems often include the belief in a supreme being.
47
What is the ChiShona name for the Supreme Creator?
Mwari
## Footnote
Different cultures have different names for the supreme being.
48
What is the IsiNdebele name for the Supreme Creator?
Umlimu
## Footnote
This reflects the diversity of belief systems in Zimbabwe.
49
Fill in the blank: In ChiTonga, the Supreme Creator is called _______.
L
## Footnote
The text appears to be incomplete, but it indicates the naming diversity.
50
What is the traditional belief regarding deceased ancestors in Zimbabwe?
Deceased ancestors, called vadzimu in ChiShona and amadhlozi in IsiNdebele, are believed to be in touch with the living.
51
What are taboos in the context of Zimbabwean traditional beliefs?
Forbidden actions that anger ancestral spirits.
52
List some examples of taboos in Zimbabwean culture.
* Incest
* Cruelty to a child
* Marriage without lobola
* Killing another human being
53
What do people in Zimbabwe do when they have problems?
They consult the ancestors.
54
What is a n'anga?
A traditional healer who acts as a diviner and healer.
55
What are the functions of a n'anga?
* Diagnosing causes of sickness
* Supplying herbal medicines
* Promoting health and well-being through rituals and treatments
56
What is the Kalanga rainmaking ceremony?
A traditional ceremony for contacting the ancestors, held at the Njelele Shrine.
57
What are some traditional ceremonies for important life moments?
* Birth
* Death
* Becoming adults
58
What is masungiro or kusungira?
A ceremony performed before a baby is born.
59
What is kurova guva / umbuyiso / bira?
A ceremony performed after a death.
60
What are stories and legends rooted in traditional beliefs called?
Folklore
## Footnote
Folklore is often presented as historical facts but does not depict everyday life.
61
Who is Nyami-Nyami?
The Zambezi River God
## Footnote
Nyami-Nyami is a significant figure in the folklore of the Tonga people.
62
What event caused Nyami-Nyami and his wife to be separated?
The building of the Kariba dam in 1959
## Footnote
This separation is a key element in the folklore surrounding Nyami-Nyami.
63
What does Nyami-Nyami do to show his anger?
Causes the Earth to shake and stains the water red
## Footnote
These actions symbolize his displeasure and are part of the folklore narrative.
64
How was much of folklore passed down before writing was used?
Orally, from generation to generation
## Footnote
Elders played a significant role in preserving these stories through oral traditions.
65
Where did elders typically tell folklore stories?
Around the fireplace
## Footnote
This setting facilitated community bonding and storytelling.
66
What types of storytelling were included in folklore?
Proverbs, jokes, and poetry
## Footnote
These forms made the stories entertaining while conveying important lessons.
67
What is a key lesson taught by the Tsuro Magen'a and Tsuro naGudo stories?
Not to be tricked by cunning people
## Footnote
These stories often impart moral lessons through their narratives.
68
True or False: Folklore primarily focuses on serious themes and avoids humor.
False
## Footnote
While folklore teaches lessons, it often includes humorous elements that entertain the audience.
69
What are indigenous games?
Games that have been played for hundreds of years by various cultures.
70
Why do we play games with friends?
To have fun and learn to be fair and play by the rules.
71
What skill is practiced when catching a ball or stone in nhodo?
Accuracy.
72
What physical attributes are important when playing mupare, bvutu, or pakasungwa neutare?
Physical strength and speed.
73
What cognitive skill is applied when playing chamuvandevande or chalidzolidza?
Figuring out others' plans.
74
What skills are developed through concentration and strategy in tsoro?
Concentration and strategic thinking.
75
What understanding is gained when playing matakanana?
Understanding roles at home.
76
Fill in the blank: Playing nhodo requires quick _______.
reflexes.
77
True or False: Indigenous games are a modern invention.
False.
78
List three skills learned from playing indigenous games.
* Accuracy
* Physical strength
* Strategy
79
What is the origin of traditional dances in Zimbabwe?
Traditional dances in Zimbabwe started in villages.
80
Where are traditional dances performed in Zimbabwe?
They are performed at cultural festivals and important public gatherings.
81
What is Jerusarema originally known as?
Jerusarema was originally known as mbende.
82
What does the name Jerusarema remind people of?
The name reminds people of the Christian religion.
83
What type of movements characterize the Jerusarema dance?
It involves a lot of kicking and jerking to a fast drum beat.
84
What is the purpose of the Mhande dance?
Danced to appease the spirit of the deceased.
85
What are the foot movements like in the Mhande dance?
The foot movements are slow and quiet.
86
What do dancers hold during the Mhande dance?
Dancers hold objects such as beer pots.
87
What does the Mbakumba dance celebrate?
Mbakumba celebrates the harvest and the time of rest that follows it.
88
How do men and women dance in Mbakumba?
Men and women dance in two lines.
89
What was the original purpose of the Muchongoyo dance?
It used to be a war dance to give soldiers strength before the battle.
90
What does the name Muchongoyo mean?
The name means 'stomping of feet.'
91
What is the purpose of the Mbira dance?
It is a religious dance inviting ancestral spirits to the community.
92
What theme does the Chinyambere dance focus on?
Chinyambere is a dance about hunting and gathering.
93
Are songs in Zimbabwe part of dances?
No, songs in Zimbabwe are not part of dances.
94
Which country has music that is listened to all over the world?
Zimbabwe.
95
Who is one of the most famous Zimbabwean singers?
Oliver Mtukudzi.
96
In what year did Oliver Mtukudzi pass away?
2019.
97
What were the cultural values of fatherhood in the pre-colonial era?
Family was very important for survival.
## Footnote
Ancient African spiritual beliefs and traditions emphasized the role of family.
98
What was the obligation of men in the pre-colonial era regarding family?
Men were obliged to marry and produce sons and daughters.
## Footnote
The birth of every child contributed to the growth of the clan.
99
Who was blamed if there was nothing to eat for the family in the pre-colonial era?
The father was blamed for not providing food.
## Footnote
The father's role as the provider was central to family survival.
100
What responsibility did fatherhood entail in the pre-colonial era?
Fathers had to build wealth to leave an inheritance.
## Footnote
Inheritance was typically passed to the oldest son or male relative.
101
What was a sign of wealth in the pre-colonial era?
Cattle were considered a sign of wealth.
## Footnote
Wealth accumulation was important for family legacy.
102
Fill in the blank: In pre-colonial times, every man was obliged to marry and produce _______.
[sons and daughters]
103
True or False: In the pre-colonial era, a father's financial responsibility ended with his death.
False.
## Footnote
Fathers were expected to provide for their families even after death.
104
In pre-colonial societies, from whom did a child take their identity?
The father
## Footnote
This reflects the patriarchal structure where lineage was traced through the father's family.
105
How was a father's identity formed in pre-colonial societies?
By the number of children he had
## Footnote
More children meant more respect from the community.
106
What gift did a man give to gain the right to produce children with a woman?
Rutsambo
## Footnote
Traditionally, this gift was often a hoe and bead strings.
107
What was the purpose of the rutsambo gift?
To gain the right to produce children and become a father
## Footnote
It established the man's claim over the woman in terms of marriage.
108
What was taboo for a woman after receiving the rutsambo gift?
Having sex with any other man
## Footnote
This was a cultural expectation to ensure fidelity.
109
What was the second gift paid by a man after rutsambo?
Danga
## Footnote
This was often paid in cattle.
110
What right did the danga gift provide to the man?
The right to give his family name to their children
## Footnote
This solidified the father's role in the family lineage.
111
What did the gift of cattle symbolize in the context of fatherhood?
Successful fulfillment of the role of fatherhood
## Footnote
It also brought wealth and respect to the family.
112
True or False: The more children a man had, the less respect he received in pre-colonial societies.
False
## Footnote
More children led to greater respect for the father.
113
How many indigenous languages are there in Zimbabwe?
14
## Footnote
Indigenous languages were developed by ancestors in Southern Africa.
114
What are the two additional official languages in Zimbabwe besides the indigenous languages?
Sign Language and English
## Footnote
English is an immigrant language that came from Britain.
115
Why are the languages in Zimbabwe referred to as 'indigenous'?
They were developed by our ancestors in Southern Africa.
116
In what context are several languages spoken in Zimbabwe today?
In most areas, particularly in big towns.
117
What does the map mentioned in the text show?
Where the 14 official indigenous languages were spoken traditionally and where they are still spoken mostly today.
118
Where do ChiBarwe-speaking people primarily live?
In Manyikaland, north of Mutare, and in Mozambique and Malawi as 'Sena'
## Footnote
ChiBarwe is a language spoken by a smaller community in Zimbabwe but has a larger presence in neighboring countries.
119
What is the significance of women in ChiChewa society?
Women hold a special place, and property and land rights are inherited through the mother
## Footnote
This reflects matrilineal practices in ChiChewa culture.
120
Where is TjiKalanga predominantly spoken?
In the west of Zimbabwe along the border with Botswana, including the Plumtree area
## Footnote
TjiKalanga is associated with early African states like Khami.
121
What is another name for the Koisan language?
'Tsoa'
## Footnote
The Koisan language is spoken by the San people, who have a rich history in Southern Africa.
122
In which area is ChiNambya spoken?
Hwange Park area
## Footnote
The Nambya people are believed to descend from the Rozwi king, Mambo.
123
What does the name 'Ndau' mean?
'Lion'
## Footnote
ChiNdau is primarily spoken in the Zambezi Valley and eastern Zimbabwe.
124
What percentage of Zimbabwe's population speaks IsiNdebele?
20%
## Footnote
IsiNdebele is the second-largest indigenous language in Zimbabwe.
125
Who developed the IsiNdebele language in Zimbabwe?
King Mzilikazi
## Footnote
He migrated from the Zulu kingdom in South Africa.
126
What are amadlozi in Ndebele culture?
Ancestral spirits
## Footnote
Amadlozi are believed to return in various forms and are significant in Ndebele beliefs.
127
Where is XiChangana mainly spoken?
Southeastern part of Zimbabwe, towards Mozambique and Gonarezhou Park
## Footnote
The Shangani people are known for their cultural dances.
128
What is the biggest language in Zimbabwe?
ChiShona
## Footnote
70% of all people in Zimbabwe use ChiShona.
129
Which provinces are traditionally associated with the Shona people?
Central and Eastern Provinces
## Footnote
The Shona people include the Karanga, Korekore, Manyika, Ndau, and Zezuru.
130
What do the Shona people believe in?
Ancestral spirits
## Footnote
They also believe in a spirit called Ngozi, who torments families that have done wrong.
131
What is the significance of cattle to the Shona people?
Very important
## Footnote
Cattle are central to their culture and economy.
132
Who provides spiritual guidance and traditional medicines to the Shona people?
N'angas
## Footnote
N'angas are traditional healers in Shona culture.
133
Where are SeSotho-speakers primarily located?
Southern part of the Gwanda District
## Footnote
This area is close to the border with Botswana.
134
What is the supreme being in Tonga culture called?
Leza
## Footnote
Tonga culture also features folklore stories about Nyami-Nyami, the Zambezi River God.
135
In Tonga culture, succession follows which side?
Mother's side
## Footnote
This matrilineal aspect is significant in their social structure.
136
What is the main language spoken in the Beitbridge region?
TshiVenda
## Footnote
Water is considered sacred to the Venda people.
137
What is the name of the famous Venda python dance?
Domba
## Footnote
It is associated with their cultural practices related to water.
138
What percentage of Zimbabwe's population speaks IsiXhosa?
1%
## Footnote
They have a settlement northeast of Bulawayo in the Mbembesi area.
139
Who brought the ancestors of the IsiXhosa-speaking people to Zimbabwe?
Cecil John Rhodes
## Footnote
They were brought to fight in the First Chimurenga.
140
What is the 'Great Spirit' in traditional Tswana religion called?
Modimo
## Footnote
The Tswana people are linked to the Tswana dynasties in Botswana.
141
Fill in the blank: The spirit called _______ torments families who have done wrong according to Shona belief.
Ngozi
## Footnote
This belief emphasizes moral conduct within the community.
142
What does the term 'indigenous governance' refer to?
Roles such as village heads, headmen, and chiefs
## Footnote
These roles existed prior to British colonialism in Africa.
143
In modern-day Zimbabwe, what is the role of indigenous governance?
Responsible for matters related to customary law
## Footnote
Police deal with common law violations.
144
Who could traditionally be chiefs and headmen in the past?
Only men
## Footnote
Currently, some women also occupy these roles.
145
What role did the chief have in relation to the king?
The chief was directly below the king
## Footnote
He led people with kinship connections or clan groups.
146
What is the term for the group of people over whom a chief rules?
Chieftainship
## Footnote
This group is formed based on kinship or clan affiliation.
147
What types of decisions did the chief make?
High level decisions such as war participation or relocation
## Footnote
Decisions were based on customary law.
148
What types of offences were tried in the chief's court?
Serious offences related to cattle or grazing lands
## Footnote
Punishments were determined by customary law.
149
What dual role did the chief serve in the community?
Chief and spiritual leader
## Footnote
Seen as a divine being that communicates with ancestors.
150
From which families were chiefs typically selected?
Specific families, usually through heredity
## Footnote
The title typically passed from father to son.
151
What is the role of chiefs in contemporary society?
Chiefs are in charge of matters relating to customary law and help protect natural resources by applying the law and solving land disputes.
## Footnote
Chiefs maintain a traditional authority structure within communities.
152
What is the function of a headman?
The headman acts between ordinary people and the chief, managing a cluster of villages and settling disagreements.
## Footnote
The headman is also known as umlisa or sadunhu.
153
How is a headman selected?
A headman is selected by the chief to manage and guard over a cluster of villages, referred to as a 'ward' today.
154
What issues does a headman address?
A headman settles disagreements between villages and refers issues beyond his authority to the chief.
155
What is the role of village heads?
Village heads work under the headman and are responsible for overseeing a single village and resolving problems among villagers.
156
How are village heads appointed?
Village heads are nominated by the headman.
157
What is the responsibility of a village head?
The village head implements customary law at the village level and resolves problems between villagers.
158
What happens if a village head cannot resolve an issue?
If a village head cannot resolve an issue or if it is beyond his power, it is referred to the headman.
159
What does heritage refer to?
What we have received from generations before us and will pass on to generations after us.
160
What are 'indigenous heritage resources'?
Things and places that help us appreciate our heritage.
161
How long have indigenous heritage resources been part of Zimbabwe?
For thousands of years.
162
What are the two types of heritage resources?
* Natural
* Cultural
163
What are natural heritage resources?
Places in nature that are extraordinarily beautiful or have outstanding value.
164
What types of value can natural heritage resources have?
* Scientific value
* Economic value
165
Name a world-famous natural heritage resource in Zimbabwe.
Balancing boulders.
166
What are the most popular natural heritage sites in Zimbabwe?
* Chiremba Rocks in Harare
* Matobo Hills near Bulawayo
167
What is located in the Eastern Highlands area of Zimbabwe?
Beautiful mountains.
168
What is the highest waterfall in Zimbabwe?
Mtarazi Falls.
169
What wildlife parks are located in western Zimbabwe?
* Hwange National Park
* Mana Pools National Park
170
What is a natural heritage resource?
Natural heritage resources are sites that showcase the natural beauty and biodiversity of a region.
## Footnote
Examples include Victoria Falls, Mana Pools National Park, and Lake Kariba.
171
List three examples of natural heritage sites in Zimbabwe.
* Victoria Falls / Mosi-oa-Tunya
* Mana Pools National Park
* Lake Kariba
## Footnote
Additional examples include Matobo National Park, Nyanyadzi Hot Springs, Chirinda Rain Forest, Chilojo Cliffs, Mount Nyangani, and Chinhoyi Caves.
172
What is the significance of cultural heritage sites in Zimbabwe?
Cultural heritage sites have spiritual meaning and connect people with indigenous history and ancestral spirits.
## Footnote
They also reflect the indigenous spiritual beliefs closely linked to nature.
173
What is the most famous cultural heritage site in Zimbabwe?
Great Zimbabwe
## Footnote
Great Zimbabwe is recognized for its historical and cultural significance.
174
Fill in the blank: Cultural heritage sites include historical buildings, graves, and _______.
archaeological sites
## Footnote
Archaeological sites are remnants of past civilizations and cultures.
175
Name two lesser-known cultural heritage sites in Zimbabwe.
* Luswingo Heritage Site
* Ziwa Heritage Site
## Footnote
These sites contribute to the rich cultural tapestry of Zimbabwe.
176
True or False: All natural heritage sites in Zimbabwe are also considered cultural heritage sites.
True
## Footnote
This is due to the connection between indigenous spiritual beliefs and nature.
177
What activity is suggested for students to engage with natural heritage resources?
Students should listen to descriptions of natural heritage resources and identify them.
## Footnote
This activity encourages discussion about personal interest in visiting these sites.
178
List three natural heritage sites that can be used for educational purposes.
* Matobo National Park
* Chirinda Rain Forest with its big tree
* Mount Nyangani
## Footnote
These sites offer opportunities for learning about biodiversity and conservation.
179
What role does indigenous music play as a cultural heritage resource?
Indigenous music serves as a cultural heritage resource by having cultural meaning and being used in spiritual instruments during important ceremonies such as funerals and weddings.
180
Name two types of ceremonies that utilize indigenous songs and dances.
Funerals and weddings.
181
What are the names of two songs used in rain-making ceremonies?
* Imbunde
* Makwaira
182
What is the most famous indigenous musical instrument of Zimbabwe?
Mbira
183
What is the cultural significance of the mbira dzavadzimu?
It is known as the 'voice of the ancestors.'
184
What is one method of preserving indigenous heritage resources?
Holding annual festivals to showcase and preserve indigenous music and dance.
185
What is the Jikinya Traditional Dance Festival?
A festival where schools compete against each other in a chosen traditional dance.
186
How did indigenous ancestors protect natural resources?
Through the use of taboos.
187
What were the behavioral expectations at sacred places according to indigenous beliefs?
People had to be respectful and might need to perform special rituals before entering.
188
What could happen to people who went against taboos related to sacred places?
They risked danger, such as disappearing.
189
What is an example of an undisturbed natural place mentioned in the text?
Chirinda Forest.
190
Fill in the blank: Indigenous music is considered a _______ heritage resource.
cultural
191
What is required to enter certain areas like the Nyangani or Hunyanya Mountains?
Special permission from traditional chiefs or headmen
## Footnote
This reflects the cultural significance and governance structures in the region.
192
What role do totems play in the survival of certain species?
They ensure the survival of certain plants and animals
## Footnote
Members of a clan are prohibited from eating their totem plants or hunting their totem animals.
193
What is the consequence of killing animals illegally for body parts?
It is considered illegal and punishable by law
## Footnote
This practice is associated with poaching.
194
What organization is responsible for protecting wildlife in Zimbabwe?
Zimbabwe National Parks
## Footnote
This organization plays a crucial role in wildlife conservation efforts.
195
True or False: Poaching animals is a legal act.
False
## Footnote
Poaching is illegal and can lead to imprisonment.
196
Fill in the blank: It is _______ for members of a clan to eat their totem plants.
taboo
## Footnote
This reflects cultural practices and beliefs regarding totems.
197
What is the term for a man who seeks to marry a woman and gain her family's acceptance?
Suitor
## Footnote
A suitor engages in the process of courting.
198
What is the period called when a couple gets to know each other before marriage?
Courtship
## Footnote
Courtship involves specific practices and customs.
199
What are some common activities that couples engage in during modern courtship?
* Playing sports
* Shopping
* Dancing
* Watching movies
## Footnote
These activities help couples bond and get to know each other.
200
In modern Western courtship, what does a man typically give to the woman once they decide to marry?
Engagement ring
## Footnote
An engagement ring symbolizes the promise to marry.
201
From which countries did modern Western courtship practices originally come?
* England
* America
## Footnote
These practices have been adopted and adapted in various cultures.
202
True or False: All families in Zimbabwe follow modern Western courtship practices.
False
## Footnote
Many families still adhere to traditional indigenous courtship practices.
203
What is the significance of an engagement ring in a relationship?
It shows that two people will get married
## Footnote
An engagement ring is a symbol of commitment.
204
Fill in the blank: During courtship, couples often exchange _______.
Gifts
## Footnote
Exchanging gifts is a common practice in many cultures during courtship.
205
What influences modern courtship practices in Zimbabwe apart from Western customs?
Indigenous courtship practices
## Footnote
These practices have been followed in Africa for hundreds of years.
206
What is a common trend among families in Zimbabwe regarding courtship practices?
A mixture of Western and traditional practices
## Footnote
Many families blend practices from both cultures.
207
What is the most common indigenous courtship practice in Africa?
Paying lobola or roora
## Footnote
Lobola or roora is a traditional custom involving a payment from the suitor's family to the woman's family before marriage.
208
What was traditionally used to pay lobola or roora?
Cattle
## Footnote
Historically, lobola or roora was paid in livestock, specifically cattle.
209
What is the modern trend regarding the payment of lobola or roora?
Often paid in cash
## Footnote
While cattle were traditionally used, cash payments have become more common in recent times.
210
What do the families do before the payment of lobola?
Meet to agree on the amount
## Footnote
The families come together to negotiate and agree on the appropriate amount for the lobola.
211
True or False: The process of agreeing on lobola can be quick.
False
## Footnote
The process can be long and drawn-out, indicating that it may require significant time and negotiation.
212
What is the purpose of initiation for both girls and boys?
To prepare them for being adults, and good wives and husbands.
213
Who can approach women regarding marriage in traditional customs?
Only women who have completed initiation.
214
What must men do before qualifying as suitors?
Go through initiation ceremonies.
215
In traditional customs, how does a man approach a woman about marriage?
He cannot go directly to a woman.
216
What role does the woman's father play in the suitor's approach?
He stops the suitor to ask questions.
217
List three questions a woman's father might ask a suitor.
* Who are you?
* Where do you come from?
* What do you want here?
218
What happens if the father is satisfied with the suitor's answers?
He gives permission for the man to become a suitor.
219
True or False: Only the father is involved in the suitor's approach.
False.
220
Fill in the blank: Suitors must be approved by the _______ of the woman.
[father]
221
What is the significance of initiation ceremonies in the context of marriage?
They signify readiness for adult responsibilities and relationships.
222
What is the initial step for a suitor in traditional Tonga culture when proposing to a woman?
The suitor is introduced to the oldest or most important woman in the family for questioning
## Footnote
This process is a crucial part of the acceptance tradition.
223
What is expected of the two lovers during the proposal process in traditional Tonga culture?
They are not supposed to be close to each other
## Footnote
This reflects the cultural norms surrounding courtship.
224
What types of gifts does a suitor give to the family during the proposal process?
Gifts can include:
* hoes
* axes
* goats
* chickens
* money
## Footnote
These gifts are given to the grandmother or parents as part of the acceptance process.
225
True or False: A suitor in traditional Tonga culture is not questioned by the family.
False
## Footnote
The suitor is questioned by the family and community before acceptance.
226
What is the significance of gifts (chikole) in Chewa or Nyanja courtship?
Gifts mark the courtship process and typically include clothing, household items, or money.
## Footnote
These gifts are presented by the suitor to express his intentions.
227
What information is exchanged during Chewa or Nyanja courtship?
Information about the identity of their parents and maternal uncles is exchanged.
## Footnote
This exchange is important for establishing family connections.
228
Who does the boy inform of his intentions in Chewa or Nyanja culture?
The boy informs his uncle (mwini mbumba) of his intentions.
## Footnote
This step is crucial for obtaining family approval.
229
What role do elders play in the Chewa or Nyanja courtship process?
Elders consult to find out more about the suitor's character and family background before a marriage proposal is accepted.
## Footnote
Their approval is essential in the courtship process.
230
What is the expectation for a girl regarding love in Chewa or Nyanja culture?
A girl is expected never to admit to love at first.
## Footnote
This custom reflects traditional values regarding courtship.
231
What does the custom of musengabere involve?
It allows the suitor to 'kidnap' a woman he admires and take her to his home.
## Footnote
The woman is expected to run away and resist initially.
232
What must a woman say when caught during the musengabere custom?
She must say 'No, no, no' for a very long time.
## Footnote
This is part of the playful courtship ritual.
233
What happens after a woman participates in the musengabere custom?
After several refusals, she may eventually smile and say, 'Yes, I love you.'
## Footnote
This indicates her acceptance of the suitor's affection.
234
What does a traditional Venda suitor do when accepted for marriage?
He goes on a shopping trip with the bride to buy necessities for their new family.
## Footnote
This includes items like baskets, stirrers, and pots.
235
Fill in the blank: In Chewa or Nyanja culture, the gifts given by the suitor are known as _______.
[chikole]
236
True or False: In Chewa or Nyanja culture, a girl can openly express her love during courtship.
False
## Footnote
Girls are expected to initially deny their feelings.
237
What do girls and boys do before thinking of marriage?
They practise being in boy-girl relationships
## Footnote
This often begins with friendship and play, especially when families know each other.
238
What changes occur when children become teenagers in terms of relationships?
They start having special boy-girl feelings for each other
## Footnote
This marks a transition from simple friendship to romantic feelings.
239
What two important lessons do teenagers in relationships need to learn?
* Respect each other
* Care about each other as human beings
## Footnote
These lessons are crucial for healthy relationships.
240
Fill in the blank: Before thinking of marriage, children practise being in _______.
[boy-girl relationships]
241
True or False: Teenagers do not need to learn respect in their relationships.
False
## Footnote
Respect is essential in any relationship, especially during teenage years.
242
What is the foundation of a healthy boy-girl relationship?
Respect and care for each other
## Footnote
This relationship is characterized by mutual support and understanding.
243
Name a key element of a healthy boy-girl relationship.
Mutual friends and mutual interests
## Footnote
Shared social circles and common hobbies strengthen the bond.
244
In a healthy relationship, partners should learn each other's _______.
Likes and dislikes
## Footnote
Understanding preferences enhances compatibility.
245
What is important for personal development in a healthy relationship?
Allowing each other the space to grow as individuals
## Footnote
Personal growth should be supported, not stifled.
246
True or False: Standing up for each other is a sign of a healthy relationship.
True
## Footnote
Support in challenging situations fosters trust and security.
247
What should partners accept in a healthy relationship?
'No' for an answer
## Footnote
Respecting boundaries is crucial for mutual respect.
248
Helping each other with chores is an example of _______ in a relationship.
Support
## Footnote
Sharing responsibilities contributes to a balanced partnership.
249
What feelings should one experience in a healthy boy-girl relationship?
Safe and happy
## Footnote
Emotional safety is key to a positive relationship experience.
250
What is heirship?
Heirship is when someone receives possessions, titles, and rights from a family member who has died.
## Footnote
The possessions left behind are referred to as inheritance.
251
What is inheritance?
Inheritance refers to the possessions, titles, and rights left behind by a deceased family member.
## Footnote
Examples include livestock or property.
252
Who is an heir?
An heir is a person who receives an inheritance, usually a child of the deceased.
## Footnote
Other family members may inherit if there are no children.
253
What are beneficiaries?
Beneficiaries are individuals, such as a spouse, who may inherit possessions but are not blood relatives.
## Footnote
This reflects changes in inheritance rules over time.
254
What inheritance rules did traditional communities in Zimbabwe typically follow?
Most traditional communities in Zimbabwe followed patrilineal inheritance rules.
## Footnote
This means the eldest son inherited the family wealth.
255
What happens if there is no son in a patrilineal inheritance system?
If there is no son, a male blood relation of the deceased becomes the heir.
## Footnote
This ensures that family wealth remains within the male lineage.
256
What is succession in the context of inheritance?
Succession refers to the process where male heirs receive not just possessions but also status, such as chief or headman.
## Footnote
They inherit the deceased's name and traditional articles.
257
What are some traditional articles inherited by male heirs?
Traditional articles include the tsvimbo or intonga.
## Footnote
These items hold cultural significance in the community.
258
What inheritance rules do the Chewa and Tonga people follow?
The Chewa and Tonga people followed matrilineal rules of inheritance.
## Footnote
This means land rights are passed down through the mother's family line.
259
How are land rights passed down in matrilineal systems?
Land rights can be passed down to a daughter or a son, often through the mother.
## Footnote
The role of head of a household may also pass from mother to daughter.
260
Do women inherit the role of chief in matrilineal systems?
No, the role of chief is not passed on to women.
## Footnote
However, the male chief must come from the mother's family line.
261
What is the primary characteristic of customary marriages mentioned?
Most customary marriages were polygamous
## Footnote
This led to complicated family lines.
262
In a patrilineal system, from where must the heir be related?
From the father's line
## Footnote
This contrasts with the matrilineal system, where the heir comes from the mother's family line.
263
What was the primary intent of indigenous heirship rules?
To keep the extended family strong and the community intact
## Footnote
Heirs were expected to support their extended family.
264
What responsibility did the heir have towards the deceased's wives and daughters?
To ensure they had a home and food
## Footnote
Although they were not heirs themselves, their well-being was the heir's responsibility.
265
What do modern heirship practices in Zimbabwe combine?
Customary laws and the Western civil law system
## Footnote
This combination reflects changes in societal norms.
266
How has education impacted heirship practices in Zimbabwe?
It made people aware of different norms and values, promoting equality
## Footnote
This includes the idea that men and women should be treated equally.
267
What significant change has occurred in modern-day Zimbabwe regarding heirs?
Heirs can be several beneficiaries, not just the eldest son or daughter
## Footnote
This reflects a more inclusive approach to inheritance.
268
What is the stance of modern civil laws for inheritance in Zimbabwe regarding gender?
They treat men and women as equals
## Footnote
Both can be heirs or beneficiaries.
269
Fill in the blank: The heir in a matrilineal system must be from the _______.
[mother's family line]
270
True or False: Modern heirship practices in Zimbabwe only recognize the eldest male relative as the heir.
False
## Footnote
Modern practices allow for multiple beneficiaries.
271
What is property grabbing?
The act of relatives of a deceased husband taking over the homes and possessions of the widow using customary law as an excuse
## Footnote
Property grabbing often leads to the eviction of the widow and her children.
272
What do greedy individuals misuse to enrich themselves after a death?
Indigenous heirship rules
## Footnote
This misuse contributes to the phenomenon of property grabbing.
273
What legal measures have been implemented regarding property grabbing?
Laws making property grabbing illegal and a serious crime
## Footnote
These laws are a response to the suffering and family disputes caused by property grabbing.
274
True or False: Property grabbing is considered a legal practice in many jurisdictions.
False
## Footnote
Property grabbing is now illegal due to its harmful effects on widows and families.
275
Who can receive legal help in cases of property grabbing?
Widows who are victims of property grabbing
## Footnote
Legal assistance is available to help them fight against the unlawful taking of their property.
276
Fill in the blank: Property grabbing often leads to the eviction of the _______ and her children.
widow
## Footnote
This eviction occurs despite the widow's rights to the property.
277
What is a will?
A legal document stating who receives what after a person's death
## Footnote
A will is crucial in modern heirship practices.
278
Who can be beneficiaries of a will?
Beneficiaries can include:
* Male or female individuals
* Close family members or non-family members
* Civil-law spouses
* Customary wives
* Stepchildren or foster children
## Footnote
Beneficiaries do not have to be related by blood.
279
What is the role of an executor in a will?
An executor (male) or executrix (female) oversees the proper division of inheritance
## Footnote
The executor is responsible for ensuring the will is executed according to the deceased's wishes.
280
What happens if a husband or wife is left out of a will?
They can appeal against the will in court
## Footnote
Their case is stronger if they lack financial resources or have children.
281
What is 'dying intestate'?
Dying without having written a will
## Footnote
Most Zimbabweans die intestate, leading to government settlement of inheritance.
282
What happens to inheritance if someone dies intestate?
The government divides the inheritance among family members
## Footnote
This process can create disputes among relatives.
283
Can a jointly owned property be bequeathed to someone else in a will?
No, the deceased cannot leave the jointly owned property to another person
## Footnote
Joint ownership means the surviving owner retains the property.
284
What must a spouse prove to claim a part of the inheritance if left out of a will?
They must prove they contributed to the deceased's wealth
## Footnote
This requirement can lead to emotional distress during the legal process.
285
Fill in the blank: A will specifies how an inheritance should be _______.
divided
286
True or False: A will can include stepchildren as beneficiaries.
True
287
List the types of individuals that can be named as beneficiaries in a will.
* Male or female
* Close family or non-family
* Civil-law spouse
* Customary wives
* Stepchildren
* Foster children
288
Who must register a death in Zimbabwe and within what time frame?
Relative must register the death within 14 days at the Master's Office or a magistrate's court.
289
Who are considered the top beneficiaries of an estate in Zimbabwe?
Spouses and children.
290
What happens to the home in which spouses lived during their marriage after one spouse dies?
The home often remains with the surviving spouse.
291
What is a common practice among women in civil marriages regarding shared property?
Women ensure that the shared property is also in their name.
292
What types of marriages are recognized in Zimbabwe?
Civil marriages and customary marriages.
293
Do spouses from customary marriages have the same inheritance rights as those from civil marriages?
Yes.
294
What proof must spouses from customary marriages provide to claim inheritance?
Proof of their marriage to the deceased and that they shared a marital home.
295
What is a potential source of conflict for families during inheritance claims?
Quarrels between women and their in-laws.
296
Who finds it easier to prove their marriages in inheritance cases?
Spouses who were married in a civil marriage.
297
What documentation do women who have registered customary marriage possess?
Documentation to support their case.
298
What challenges do women with unregistered customary marriages face?
They have the most difficulties in proving their marriage.
299
What support is available for women facing inheritance difficulties?
Laws and legal aid are available.
300
Fill in the blank: Many women find it difficult to claim inheritance especially if they do not know about the _______.
modern laws.
301
What does consent mean?
Consent means agreeing that something can happen, opposite of being forced
## Footnote
It implies voluntary agreement without coercion or fear.
302
What is the legal age of consent to sex in Zimbabwe?
16
## Footnote
This is the age at which a young person can legally agree to engage in sexual acts.
303
True or False: A person can give consent if they are afraid of getting hurt.
False
## Footnote
Consent must be given freely without fear or coercion.
304
What do lawmakers believe about individuals under 16 regarding sexual decisions?
They believe individuals under 16 are not able to make their own decisions about sex
## Footnote
This belief is rooted in the idea of protecting young people from adult situations.
305
Fill in the blank: The legal age of consent is intended to protect children from _______.
ill-willed adults
## Footnote
Laws aim to safeguard young individuals from manipulation or harm.
306
What can early sexual activity interfere with in young people's lives?
Happiness and enjoyment of life
## Footnote
Engaging in sex at a young age can distract from socializing and studying.
307
What are some potential difficulties that can arise from early sexual activity?
* Diseases
* Teenage pregnancy
## Footnote
These consequences can have lasting impacts on young individuals.
308
How does pregnancy affect a young girl's life?
It changes her life forever
## Footnote
The implications of teenage pregnancy are profound and long-lasting.
309
What is the legal term for having sex with someone under the age of 16?
Statutory rape
## Footnote
Statutory rape laws vary by jurisdiction, but generally, they protect minors from exploitation.
310
What types of punishments can offenders of statutory rape receive?
Punishments can include:
* Time in prison
* Community service
## Footnote
The severity of the punishment often depends on the specifics of the case and jurisdiction.
311
What methods do some adults use to trick young people into sex?
Methods include:
* Gifts
* Alcohol
* Drugs
* Social media
## Footnote
These tactics can manipulate young people's perceptions and consent.
312
True or False: Young people who do not actively resist sex are considered to have given consent.
False
## Footnote
Consent requires an understanding of the situation, which is often lacking in minors.
313
What cultural practice historically allowed families to marry off young children?
Child marriage
## Footnote
Child marriage has been practiced in various cultures, but is increasingly recognized as harmful.
314
What is 'lobola' and how does it relate to child marriage?
Lobola is a bride price paid by the groom's family to the bride's family
## Footnote
This practice can incentivize families to marry off young daughters, despite legal prohibitions.
315
What challenges do girls face when trying to resist child marriage?
Challenges include:
* Going against parental wishes
* Fear of repercussions
* Lack of support
## Footnote
Societal and familial pressures often make it difficult for girls to seek help.
316
Who can young girls turn to for help against illegal marriages?
Girls can seek help from:
* Police
* School authorities
* Community leaders
## Footnote
These resources can provide support and legal protection.
317
Fill in the blank: The adult who convinces a young person under 16 to have sex is _______.
breaking the law
## Footnote
This behavior is illegal and punishable under statutory rape laws.
318
What is a common misconception about consent in the context of minors?
That not actively resisting equates to giving consent
## Footnote
Minors often do not have the capacity to give informed consent due to their age and understanding.
319
What is the legal age of consent to marriage in Zimbabwe?
18 years or older
## Footnote
A legal marriage in Zimbabwe is between consenting people of 18 years and older.
320
What term is used to refer to individuals who are 18 years or older and agree to get married?
Consenting adults
## Footnote
This term emphasizes the legal capacity to enter into marriage.
321
In the past, what was the primary role expected of girls when they reached puberty?
To become a wife and mother
## Footnote
There was no other role for them in society at that time.
322
How has the cultural perception of marriage and childbearing changed for girls in today's modern world?
They pursue education and careers before starting families
## Footnote
This shift allows for better job opportunities and personal development.
323
What are some negative consequences for girls who marry at a very young age?
* Loss of childhood
* Increased responsibilities
* Lack of confidence to demand safe sex
## Footnote
These factors expose young girls to health risks such as HIV and AIDS.
324
True or False: Many people today still marry and have children at an early age without considering their financial situation.
False
## Footnote
Many people now wait until they can afford to have a family.
325
Fill in the blank: A girl suffers when she marries at a very young age because she has to give birth to children while she is still a _______.
child
## Footnote
This can lead to various physical and emotional challenges.
326
What societal change contributes to the delay in marriage and childbearing for girls today?
Increased access to education
## Footnote
Education allows girls to pursue careers and personal growth.
327
What health risks are young girls exposed to when they marry early?
HIV, AIDS, and other sexually transmitted diseases
## Footnote
These risks arise from a lack of knowledge and confidence in negotiating safe sex.
328
What do some communities and families still do regarding early marriage for girls?
Allow or force girls to marry at a very young age
## Footnote
This practice persists despite the known risks and consequences.
329
What is the legal minimum age of marriage established by the government in 2016?
18 years of age
## Footnote
This law aims to protect young people from the issues associated with early marriage.
330
What does the term 'legal age of consent to marriage' refer to?
The minimum age at which a person can legally marry
## Footnote
In this context, it is set at 18 years.
331
Does the legal age of marriage apply to both civil and customary marriages?
Yes
## Footnote
The law is applicable to all forms of marriage in the country.
332
Is it legal for parents and guardians to give their children into marriage under the new law?
No
## Footnote
It is illegal for parents and guardians to arrange marriages for children.
333
What is 'lobola'?
Bride price
## Footnote
It refers to the payment made by the groom's family to the bride's family.
334
What cultural practice is mentioned that is now illegal in relation to child marriage?
Appeasement of spirits (kuripa ngozi)
## Footnote
This practice involved marrying off children for religious or cultural reasons.
335
True or False: The law permits the acceptance of bride price for a child.
False
## Footnote
Accepting any form of payment as bride price for a child is illegal.
