Clash 1

Question 1

Who introduced the concept of homeostasis?

Answer 1

Claude Barnard

Question 2

Which term from cybernetics means error signal?

Answer 2

negative feedback

Question 3

____ published animal studies that established the scientific foundation for biofeedback training for autonomic responses.

Answer 3

Miller and DiCara

Question 4

_____ pioneered an alpha-theta training protocol to treat alcoholics.

Answer 4

Peniston and Kolkovsky

Question 5

Which physician developed the electromyograph and Progressive Relaxation?

Answer 5

Jacobson

Question 6

Who developed Autogenic Training in Germany?

Answer 6

Schultz

Question 7

_____ published an influential article on the treatment of tension headache with frontal EMG biofeedback.

Answer 7

Budzynski and Stoyva

Question 8

Trying to clench your fist illustrates _____.

Answer 8

active volition

Question 9

What causes electrons to move in a circuit

Answer 9

electromotive force

Question 10

The opposition to an AC signal is called _____.

Answer 10

impedance

Question 11

Current is measured in ____.

Answer 11

amperes

Question 12

What are acceptable skin-electrode impedance values?

Answer 12

no more than 10 KΩ for any active-reference pair and balanced within 5 KΩ

Question 13

What does continuity testing determine?

Answer 13

whether or not there is a break in the electrode cable

Question 14

What phenomenon allows us to detect EMG signals from the skin surface?.

Answer 14

Volume conductance

Question 15

Why do we prepare the skin for EMG recording?

Answer 15

to obtain low and balanced skin-electrode impedance

Question 16

If voltage is 10 and current is 5, what is resistance?

Answer 16

2

Question 17

What does the abbreviation, micro or µ, mean?

Answer 17

1/1,000,000 or 1 millionth

Question 18

What impedance reading would you expect for an open circuit?

Answer 18

infinite

Question 19

Which current level can produce ventricular fibrillation?

Answer 19

50 mA

Question 20

How does an optical isolator protect a client from shock?

Answer 20

converts a biological signal into light and then back into an electrical signal

Question 21

Since active and reference electrodes are constructed identically, how do they differ?

Answer 21

actives are placed over the belly of the muscle, references are within 6” of each active

Question 22

Differential input impedance should be at least ___ times skin-electrode impedance

Answer 22

100 times

Question 23

Why place a preamplifier close to the electrode assembly?

Answer 23

reduces EMG signal loss

Question 24

Why use a differential amplifier instead of a single-ended amplifier?

Answer 24

Differential amplifier better controls artifact

Question 25

You would reduce contamination by 60-Hz artifact by using a ____ filter.

Answer 25

60-Hz Notch filter

Question 26

Send a 1 microvolt signal into a bandpass filter. What amplitude would you see at the corner frequencies?

Answer 26

0.707 microvolts

Question 27

Why is rectification necessary?

Answer 27

the symmetrical halves of an AC signal would cancel themselves out when you add them together

Question 28

What is the function of an integrator?

Answer 28

allows the measure of signal voltage

Question 29

What does a dummy subject reveal?

Answer 29

total system noise: instrument noise and environmental noise

Question 30

What is the bandwidth of a 40-1000 Hz bandpass?

Answer 30

960 Hz

Question 31

Why is sensitivity important?

Answer 31

sensitivity determines the smallest signal voltage that an electromyograph can distinguish from artifact

Question 32

Why measure common mode rejection ratio at 60 Hz in the US?

Answer 32

60 Hz is the frequency where artifact rejection is most important

Question 33

What is a state-of-the-art common mode rejection ratio?

Answer 33

180 dB

Question 34

What does signal-to-noise ratio measure?

Answer 34

it is a ratio between signal voltage and artifact voltage

Question 35

Why is a high differential input impedance important?

Answer 35

this ensures that more of the signal will reach the electromyograph

Question 36

What does a rectifier do?

Answer 36

a rectifier transforms an AC signal into a DC signal

Question 37

Which integration methods produce the highest and lowest amplitudes?

Answer 37

Highest: peak-to peak Lowest: average

Question 38

Explain resolution

Answer 38

resolution is the smallest signal change an instrument can detect

Question 39

Which personality experiences negative emotions, but cannot express them in social situations?

Answer 39

Type D

Question 40

During Selye’s _____ stage, a person appears normal, but adaptation to a stressor places increasing demands on the body, leading to diseases of adaptation.

Answer 40

resistance

Question 41

Cannon’s fight-or-flight response results in the release of ____ and ____ by the adrenal \_\_\_\_.

Answer 41

epinephrien and norephineprine by the medula