Class 1

Question 1

Hallmarks of Cancer

Answer 1

IPAD

Question 2

How does cancer develop?

Answer 2

Through gradual changes in cell morphology and properties

Question 3

abnormal growth of solid tissues

Answer 3

tumor

Question 4

an aberration of normal development

Answer 4

cancer

Question 5

Cancer cells exhibit behaviors found in _____ during development and differentiation

Answer 5

normal cells

Question 6

Cancer cells behave independently and do not obey _____

Answer 6

controls

Question 7

When given the appropriate signal…

Answer 7

normal cells divide when necessary
as part of a development program
To heal a wound to rpelace cells to fight infection

Question 8

cancer cells divide___

Answer 8

inappropriately

Question 9

Cancer cells have __ growth signals and ____ an inhibitory signal

Answer 9

switch on

switched off

Question 10

apoptosis

Answer 10

cell death

when cells become dangerous ex. dna damage

Question 11

cancer cells escape _____

Answer 11

apoptosis

Question 12

Most normal cells have a ___ potential to divide

Answer 12

Limited

Question 13

Normal stem cells can divide _____ but under tight control

Answer 13

indefinitely

Question 14

Just like stem cells, cancer cells are ______ but w/ out control

Answer 14

immortalized

Question 15

cancer cells ___ differentiate

Answer 15

do not

Question 16

True or False

Cancer cells are invasive

Answer 16

True

Question 17

Normal cells can be ___ at the right time and place

Answer 17

invasive

Question 18

4 major properties of cancer cells

Answer 18

1. ) Immortalized
2. ) Do not form differentiated tissues
3. ) escape apoptosis
4. ) invasive

Question 19

what is a phenotype?

Answer 19

traits, characteristics

eg. morphology (shape/structure), biochemistry/metabolism, behavior/movement

Question 20

cancer cell phenotypes

Answer 20

rapidly dividing, escapes apoptosis, immortal, invasive, hiding from immune system, deregulated genetics

Question 21

What drives a phenotype?

Answer 21

Proteins, some RNAs

Question 22

proteins that drive phenotype

-shape/structure

Answer 22

• -cytoskeleton

- - extracellular matrix

Question 23

proteins that drive phenotype

-metabolism

Answer 23

enzymes

Question 24

proteins that drive phenotype

-cell movement

Answer 24

motility

Question 25

proteins that drive phenotype | signals within and between cells -

Answer 25

intra/intercellular signal transduction

Question 26

pathway in which cancer cells get its phenotype

Answer 26

DNA--> RNA--> Protein

Question 27

post-translational modifications protein can undergo

Answer 27

- glycoylation - phosphorylation - acetylation - activation/cleavage

Question 28

true or false | genes cannot alternatively be spliced

Answer 28

false

Question 29

how do genomes acquire distinct phenotypes?

Answer 29

selective reading of genome | ex. differentiation

Question 30

differences in gene expression patterns

Answer 30

differentiation

Question 31

True or false If gene expression patterns control differentiation, each differentiated cell must have a distinct set of genes that are expressed or suppressed. This produces a set of proteins that collaborate to create that specific cell phenotype

Answer 31

True

Question 32

What can gene expression arrays do?

Answer 32

survey 1000s of genes within a given cell type and can express molecular targets/mutations that be associated with the disease

Question 33

True or false | Genetic information is corruptible

Answer 33

True

Question 34

_____ can create new or different alleles

Answer 34

Mutations

Question 35

the allele present in the majority of individuals – associated with normal function

Answer 35

WIld-type allele

Question 36

over time, “disadvantageous” alleles are lost from the ____, due to natural selection

Answer 36

gene pool

Question 37

Mutations are random, so most are _____ (don’t affect phenotype

Answer 37

neutral

Question 38

Functionally silent differences in DNA sequence between individuals

Answer 38

genetic polymorphism

Question 39

Ways in which mutations can alter chromosomes

Answer 39

- loss - gain - fusion

Question 40

Normal chromosomes are called

Answer 40

Euploid

Question 41

abnormal chromosomes are called

Answer 41

aneuploid

Question 42

Mutation in sperm or egg (or precursors) | –Passed on to offspring

Answer 42

Germline mutation | ex. inherit cancer gene from parent

Question 43

-Not transmitted to offspring –Passed on to all descendent cells (clones) –Some failure of repair mechanism

Answer 43

Somatic mutation | ex. DNA mutation from carcinogen

Question 44

What controls gene expression?

Answer 44

- promoters - enhancers - transcription factors

Question 45

What do transcription factors do?

Answer 45

- coordinated expression - bind DNA in control regions of genes - determine transcription

Question 46

expression of multiple genes in a cell depends on multiple TFs acting in combination

Answer 46

Gene expression program

Question 47

True or false | many genes may not share an enhancer region

Answer 47

false

Question 48

Pleiotropy

Answer 48

when a single transcription factor can affect expression of